1. Introduction
Nowadays there has been a considerable amount of
research interest in recent years in the preparation of
various healing agent filled microcapsules. These mi-
crocapsules can be used in the development of poly-
mer self-healing composites for various applications
such as aerospace, automotive, marine and building
components etc. Currently, urea and melamine-
formaldehyde are the predominant shell wall mate-
rials in the preparation of such microcapsules [1–12].
However, the use of both shell wall materials has
their own limitations and challenges. Yuan et al. [10]
reported that poly(urea-formaldehyde) as a shell ma-
terial was hydrophilic in nature, which could result
in poor heat-resistance, poor anti-aging properties
and higher content of free formaldehyde in the
preparation of microcapsules. Though the use of
poly(melamine-formaldehyde) resin as a shell mate-
rial can increase the mechanical properties of micro-
capsules, but it is limited due to its high cost [13].
However, in spite of this the major challenge of these
two materials is the use of formaldehyde which is
not only a well-known human carcinogen, but also
causes indoor air pollution. It has been reported in
the literature that with the use of formaldehyde, peo-
ple could suffer: irritation in nose, eyes and ear, trou-
ble in respiration, vomiting tendency, skin irritation
etc. [14–16]. Therefore, there is a need to develop
new shell wall material for the preparation of such
microcapsules.
The use of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA)
polymer as a potential shell wall material in mi-
croencapsulation process of such microcapsules has
been reported in the literature [17–21]. Li et al. [17]
1023
Parametric study for epoxy loaded PMMA microcapsules
using Taguchi and ANOVA methods
S. Sharma, V. Choudhary
*
Centre for Polymer Science & Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Hauz Khas, 110016 New Delhi, India
Received 9 May 2017; accepted in revised form 26 July 2017
Abstract. In this study, we systematically investigated the effect of various process parameters, such as surfactant concentration,
core-to-shell ratio taken in the initial feed, temperature and agitation speed on the core content of microcapsules. For this study
epoxy loaded poly(methyl methacrylate) microcapsules were prepared by solvent evaporation method. Taguchi orthogonal
array with L
25
matrix was implemented to optimize the experimental parameters for such microcapsules. The signal-to-noise
ratio (SNR) and analysis of variance (ANOVA) were also performed to determine the optimum parameters and significance of
various parameters. Morphological characterization (optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron
microscopy) and particle size analysis (mean particle size and particle size distribution) was done to investigate the effect of
various parameters on the prepared microcapsules. SNR analysis identified the optimum levels of various parameters as: sur-
factant concentration- 10 wt%, core-to-shell ratio- 3:1, temperature- 40°C and agitation speed- 300 rpm. ANOVA analysis
showed that surfactant concentration was the most significant parameter in improving the core content of such microcapsules.
The findings of Taguchi method were also verified with contour plots. Maximum core content obtained under optimum condi-
tions was 63.53 wt% and such microcapsules can find applications for the development of self-healing polymer composites.
Keywords: modelling and simulation, smart polymers, self-healing polymer composites, microcapsules synthesis, epoxy resin
eXPRESS Polymer Letters Vol.11, No.12 (2017) 1023–1036
Available online at www.expresspolymlett.com
https://doi.org/10.3144/expresspolymlett.2017.96
*
Corresponding author, e-mail: veenach@hotmail.com
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