CRANIOFACIAL ANTHROPOMETRY: THE COMPARISON OF ACCURACY BETWEEN LASER SCANNING AND PHOTOGRAMMETRY TECHNIQUES Mohd Kamil Fazli , Halim Setan & Zulkepli Majid Medical Imaging Research Group Faculty of Geoinformation Science and Engineering Universiti Teknologi Malaysia camay_fzley@yahoo.com ABSTRACT Modelling and measuring of human face are increasingly becoming important for various purposes. One of the purposes is craniofacial anthropometry or human face measurement. Recent innovations in technology have generated a variety of techniques that can be used for craniofacial anthropometry purposes. In this paper, the accuracy of two different techniques was evaluated and compared between each others. The two techniques used in this paper were laser scanning and photogrammetric. Mannequin is the type of data used in this study. The mannequin was scanned using two laser scanners VIVID910 to create the 3D model. Then the measurement was made on the 3D model based on anthropometric landmarks. For photogrammetric technique, Sony Cybershot DSC F828 camera was used with AUSTRALIS software to make the measurements based on anthropometric landmarks. The results from both techniques then were evaluated and compared. From this study, we indicate that the measurement differences for both techniques are less than 1mm. Keywords: craniofacial, anthropometric landmarks, laser scanning, photogrammetric 1.0 INTRODUCTION Craniofacial (or simply human face) is an important part of human anatomy. Human face is a complex surface, with different depth and texture. In craniofacial anthropometry, human faces need to be modelled and measured accurately. Most surgeons are still relying on laborious traditional contact method (for example, calipers) for measuring anthropometric landmarks on human face. However this traditional method only give the information in 2-dimensional and it is difficult to understand the three-dimensional (3D) configuration of human face. As the results of the lack of 3D information obtained using traditional method, several methods and instruments (e.g. CT-Scan or MRI) are required to record the complex 3D surface structures of the human face. 3D recording and visualization of different anatomical structures is possible by means of computed tomography (CT-Scan) or magnetic resonance tomography (MRI). These tools, however, necessitate costly, elaborate, and sometimes invasive examinations. Especially in aesthetic, plastic, and reconstructive surgery, examination methods that can record 3D changes of body surface structures precisely, rapidly, and without side effects or major inconvenience for the patient would be of great benefit. Further, it would be desirable to measure body form with the patient standing, thus better accounting for the influence of gravitational forces (Kovacs et al, 2006). In recent years, scanners have been developed for industrial uses (e.g. for engineering and the clothing and fashion industries), that have been successfully employed in monitoring, evaluation, and planning of 3D object surfaces. In medicine, 3D recording and visualization of the body surface could lead to a better understanding of anatomical structures and, thus, to an improvement of surgery planning and therapy. Surface scanners could also contribute to a more accurate assessment of human morphology. Advancement in technology has meant that these laser-scanning devices are now smaller and can be assembled in any location for studies on facial morphology. This, however, requires the systems to be carefully evaluated and validated before use in field settings. In our previous study (Kamil et al, 2006), brought to you by CORE View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk provided by Universiti Teknologi Malaysia Institutional Repository