©JPS Scientific Publications, India Chapter - 10 Page 118 Microbes for Clean and Green Environment (ISBN: 978-81-945631-2-9) First Edition, 2020 Chapter – 10, Page: 118 - 132 10 BIOCONVERSION OF WASTE AND IMPACT OF NANOTECHNOLOGY IN BIOFUEL PRODUCTION Neethu Asokan Department of Microbiology, Sacred Heart College (Autonomous), Tirupattur, Tamil Nadu, India 1. Introduction The fossil fuels would be sufficient for only about next 150 years after which one should wait for another million years for black fossil fuel to be produced. The oil demand however increases with population to around 20 million barrels a day and (mb/d) by 2035 or maybe more than expected, according to WOO (World Oil Outlook). Due to the burning activity fossil fuel, it is estimated to release around 21.3 billion tonnes of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) yearly, resulting in the net increase of 10.65 billion tonnes of atmospheric carbon dioxide annually (International Energy Annual 2006). India relies on the fossil fuels for their uprising energy demand. Dependence on fuel like oil is gradually high in India with increased GHG emission and therefore requires an alternative energy demand like biofuel. Biofuels (solid, liquid and gas fuels) are renewable fuels obtained from natural feedstocks the most prominent being bioethanol, biobutanol, biodiesel, biogas and methane (Kapasi et al., 2010). Biofuels reduce dependence on fossil fuels, improve the socioeconomics, and bring several environmental paybacks such as greenhouse gas (GHG) reductions and minus air pollution for both industrially developing and developed countries (Demirbas, 2009). Biomass resources consumption for biofuel