 Corresponding author: Joyeshree Biswas Copyright © 2024 Author(s) retain the copyright of this article. This article is published under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Liscense 4.0. Mechanical characterization of materials using advanced microscopy techniques Suman Das 1, 2 , Joyeshree Biswas 3, * and Iqtiar Md Siddique 4 1 Department of Mechanical Engineering, Khulna University & Engineering Technology, Khulna, 9203, Bangladesh. 2 School of Business, San Francisco Bay University, Fremont, CA 94539, USA. 3 Department of Industrial and System Engineering The University of Oklahoma, 660 Parrington Oval, Norman, OK 73019- 0390, USA. 4 Department of Industrial, Manufacturing & Systems Engineering, University of Texas at El Paso, US. World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews, 2024, 21(03), 274–283 Publication history: Received on 26 January 2024; revised on 02 March 2024; accepted on 04 March 2024 Article DOI: https://doi.org/10.30574/wjarr.2024.21.3.0742 Abstract This review explores the synergistic relationship between advanced microscopy techniques and mechanical engineering, outlining their profound impact on materials science and mechanical system design. We delve into the multifaceted applications of electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and spectroscopic methods in understanding microstructural dynamics, mechanical properties, and failure mechanisms of materials integral to mechanical engineering. Through a comprehensive synthesis of recent research, we emphasize the pivotal role these techniques play in optimizing material performance, bolstering structural integrity, and driving innovation in mechanical design. By elucidating the intricate details of material behavior at the microscale, advanced microscopy contributes to informed decision-making in material selection and design processes. Furthermore, we address emerging trends and prospects, underscoring the continued synergy between advanced microscopy and mechanical engineering. This collaboration remains at the forefront of materials science and technology, promising ongoing advancements that will shape the future landscape of mechanical design and materials innovation. Keywords: Materials; Advanced microscopy techniques; Review; Synergistic relationship 1. Introduction In recent decades, the fields of materials science and mechanical engineering have become increasingly intertwined, driven by the quest for innovative materials with superior mechanical properties. Central to this convergence are advanced microscopy techniques, which provide unparalleled insights into the microstructure-property relationships of materials. Electron microscopy, including transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), allows researchers to visualize and analyze material structures at nanometer scales, unveiling intricate details such as grain boundaries, defects, and phase distributions. X-ray diffraction (XRD) complements electron microscopy by elucidating crystallographic information, enabling precise determination of lattice parameters and crystal orientations (Goodhew, 2000). Spectroscopic techniques like energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) and wavelength-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (WDS) provide elemental analysis. In contrast, electron energy-loss spectroscopy (EELS) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) offer insights into electronic structure and chemical bonding. These advanced tools not only facilitate the characterization of existing materials but also play a crucial role in the design and development of new materials tailored for specific mechanical applications. A relevant GIS-related study has also been conducted to observe the dynamic behavior of the environment (Uddin et al., 2023 and Mustaquim et al. (2024) [15,41]). By unraveling the fundamental mechanisms governing mechanical behavior, such as deformation, fracture, and fatigue, advanced microscopy empowers engineers to engineer materials with enhanced strength, toughness, and durability. In the 2023 study led by Syed et al., an extensive examination is presented, outlining their