Agricultural Water Management 146 (2014) 173–184 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Agricultural Water Management jou rn al hom ep age: www.elsevier.com/locate/agwat Biosolids and distillery effluent amendments to Irish short rotation coppiced willow plantations: Impacts on overland flow and surface water quality Paul Galbally a,∗ , Declan Ryan a , Colette C. Fagan b , John Finnan a , Jim Grant c , Kevin McDonnell b,∗ a Crops Environment and Land Use Programme, Teagasc, Oak Park, Carlow, Ireland b Bioresources Research Centre, Biosystems Engineering, School of Agriculture, Food Science and Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland c Teagasc, Ashtown Food Research Centre, Ashtown, Dublin 15, Ireland a r t i c l e i n f o Article history: Received 29 November 2012 Accepted 8 August 2014 Keywords: Overland flow Surface water quality Biosolids Distillery effluent Organic waste amendments Short rotation coppiced willow a b s t r a c t It’s necessary to determine risks of pollution arising from amendment of organic by-products (OBs) to energy crops. The impact of applying two OBs on the quality of overland flow (OLF) from plantations of short rotation coppiced willow was assessed. Municipal biosolids (BS) and distillery effluent (DE) were spread annually on six 0.1174 ha treatment plots at rates of 100% (W-BS 100 , W-DE 100 ), 50% (W-BS 50 , W- DE 50 ) and 0% (W-BS 0 , W-DE 0 ). The 100% rate was the maximum load of 15 t P ha −1 as per the current Irish regulation based on crop uptake of P. Surface flows were sampled over 18 months and tested for pH, electrical conductivity, NO 3 − , PO 4 3− , total P, K, Cu, Cd, Cr, Pb, Ni, and Zn. Results showed NO 3 − , Cu, Cd, Cr, Pb, Ni, and Zn concentrations in OLF were well below quality standard limits set out in European Union (EU) drinking water (DW) and surface water (SW) regulation. For P–PO 4 3− and K, concentrations in OLF exceeded these limits. There were treatment responses for all OLF species, except P and Ni; in some cases there were large increases in OLF concentration as OB treatment rate increased. There was build-up in soil-P, -K and in heavy metals (HMs) following application of BS, but not distillery effluent (DE). Results suggest increased OB application could result in increased export from plots treated with OBs. Despite high PO 4 3− and K OLF concentrations, the occurrence of OLF was rare and volumes lost from plots were low; actual exports of nutrient and HMs by this pathway were small. It was unlikely OLF streams transported particulate matter far from plots, and no preferential flow routes were available to the OLF streams. For these reasons, the OLF encountered during experiments did not pose any serious threat to the quality of nearby surface waters. Capsule: Organic by-products (OBs), biosolid and distillery effluent, amended to short rotation coppice willow. Impact on quality of surface (overland) flows (OLF) assessed by analysis of nutrients and heavy metals (HMs). Evidence of export of all three major agricultural nutrients and some heavy metals. Con- centrations of P and K exceeded DW regulation limits in some instances. However, small volumes and rare occurrence of OLF indicated no risk to nearby surface waters. The practice of OB amendment resulted in little risk to surface waters at these scales. If scaled up to plantation scale, in areas vulnerable to OLF, careful consideration must be made about P-loss (on a catchment scale) before amendments carried out. © 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. ∗ Corresponding authors at: Crops Environment and Land Use Programme, Tea- gasc, Oak Park, Carlow, Ireland. Tel.: +00353 59 9170271; fax: +00353 59 9142423. E-mail addresses: paul.galbally@teagasc.ie, galbally@gmail.com (P. Galbally), kevin.mcdonnell@ucd.ie (K. McDonnell). 1. Introduction There is interest in using energy crop plantations for dispos- ing organic by-products (OBs). There is little information regarding impacts of amendment to short rotation coppice willow (SRCW) plantations on overland flow (OLF) under Irish-conditions. Application of OBs to energy crops is becoming more common; previous routes have been removed by European Commission (EC) http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2014.08.008 0378-3774/© 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.