eS354 WCPT Congress 2015 / Physiotherapy 2015; Volume 101, Supplement 1 eS26–eS426 tive joint center of rotation according to the Pro-Reflex user manual. The data collected were the moments of the hip, knee and ankle joint in the sagittal plane at the instant of occur- rence of the first peak and second peak and the trough of the vertical GRF. Relative contribution of each muscle moment to the vertical GRF was measured as the percentage relative to the maximum moment generated during stance. Results: The results revealed that at the first peak of the GRF (at loading response), the highest contribution was gen- erated from the knee extensor moment (80.2%), followed by hip extensor moment (36.81%). The ankle plantar flex- ion moment produced least contribution to this peak (16%) relative to its maximum moment. Knee flexors and ankle plantar flexors moments produced high contribution to the trough of GRF (at midstance) with approximately equal values (53.88% and 54.1% respectively) while hip exten- sor moment contribution was less than both knee and ankle moments (34.75%). The second peak of the GRF was mainly produced by the ankle plantar flexors with highest percent- age contribution of (99.1%), with lower contribution from knee flexors (41.44%) then hip flexors (36.9%). Hip and knee extensors contribution to this peak were 11.95% and 15.9% respectively. Conclusion(s): Hip and knee flexors and extensors moments contributed to the three studied points of the GRF while the plantar flexors were the contributors to the trough and the second peak with a maximum percentage contribution at the second peak. Implications: Muscle contributions to the vertical ground-reaction force afford further insight into how sup- port is generated in walking. As the classical shape of GRF reflects normal integrity of lower limb muscles, maintenance of the stance limb stability requires interplay of muscle acti- vations with varying percentages. Weakness in one group is supposed to be compensated for by increasing or decreasing the activation of another group. In abnormal gait patterns, substituting weak muscle group with another normal muscle group can not only improve the global parameters of gait, but also to re-program the locomotor pattern to develop nor- mal muscle moments without increasing joint loads or energy loss. Keywords: Muscle contribution; Normal gait; Ground reaction force Funding acknowledgements: No Fund. Ethics approval: Ethical Committee of Faculty of Phys- ical Therapy, Cairo University. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physio.2015.03.565 Research Report Poster Presentation Number: RR-PO-17-16-Sun Sunday 3 May 2015 13:00 Exhibit halls 401–403 ANALYSIS OF WRIST AND FINGERS POSITIONS DURING WRITING IN PRESCHOOL CHILDREN S.M. Elhafez 1 , A.A. Ashour 2 , N.M. Elhafez 3 , Y.M. Elhafez 4 1 Faculty of Physical Therapy, Cairo University, Biomechanics, Giza, Egypt; 2 Faculty of Physical Therapy, October 6 University, Biomechanics, Giza, Egypt; 3 Faculty of Physical Therapy, Cairo University, Basic Sciences, Giza, Egypt; 4 Faculty of Applied Arts, Helwan University, Industrial Design, Giza, Egypt Background: Learning to write legibly is a complex task of childhood and therefore it is not uncommon for problems to arise during this learning process. As a result, child may take a longer time to complete writing tasks or avoid handwriting tasks because it requires so much effort to produce text. Purpose: The purposes of this study are to analyze the wrist extension angle and the metacarpophalangeal joint angle during writing in preschool children and to find a solu- tion of improper writing way by designing a tool that helps child to write properly. Methods: Fifty-eight preschool children were included in this study with a mean age of 5.8 (1.3) years. They were photographed using still camera and video camera while they were asked to perform a simple writing task. For the purpose of allowing each child to assume the usual writing posture, the analysis was done at each child’s school and in the same classroom environment. The task required from each child was to draw shapes (circle, triangle, square). Two writing postures were performed and compared. The first one was writing using the usual posture assumed by the child (which was referred as incorrect grip). The second task was to write while using the correct penhold (referred as correct grip). The correct penhold grip (tripod grip) suggests that the index finger (not the thumb) should lead the writing process. The images of the two writing posture were analyzed and two angles were measured; the wrist extension (WE) angle and the metacarpophalangeal joint (MCP) angle. The WE angle was measured between two lines (1) dorsum of the radius and (2) dorsum of second MCP bone. The MCP angle two lines were (1) dorsum of second MCP bone and (2) first phalanx of the index finger. Results: The results revealed that 53.4% of children assumed a significant (p < 0.000) more extended wrist angle 155.06 ◦ (10.98) while writing with corrected grip com-