Research Article
Probabilistic Dressing of a Storm Surge Prediction in
the Adriatic Sea
R. Mel
1
and P. Lionello
2
1
Dipartimento di Ingegneria Civile, Edile ed Ambientale (DICEA), Universit` a degli Studi di Padova, Via Marzolo 9,
35131 Padova, Italy
2
Dipartimento Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche e Ambientali (DISTEBA), Universit` a del Salento, Via Tancredi 7, 73100 Lecce, Italy
Correspondence should be addressed to R. Mel; riccardo.mel@dicea.unipd.it
Received 27 November 2015; Revised 12 April 2016; Accepted 8 May 2016
Academic Editor: Lars R. Hole
Copyright © 2016 R. Mel and P. Lionello. is is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution
License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly
cited.
Providing a reliable, accurate, and fully informative storm surge forecast is of paramount importance for managing the hazards
threatening coastal environments. Specifically, a reliable probabilistic forecast is crucial for the management of the movable barriers
that are planned to become operational in 2018 for the protection of Venice and its lagoon. However, a probabilistic forecast
requires multiple simulations and a considerable computational time, which makes it expensive in real-time applications. is
paper describes the ensemble dressing method, a cheap operational flood prediction system that includes information about the
uncertainty of the ensemble members by computing it directly from the meteorological input and the local spread distribution,
without requiring multiple forecasts. Here, a sophisticated error distribution form is developed, which includes the superposition
of the uncertainty caused by inaccuracies of the ensemble prediction system, which depends on surge level and lead time, and the
uncertainty of the meteorological forcing, which is described using a combination of cross-basin pressure gradients. e ensemble
dressing is validated over a 3-month-long period in the year 2010, during which an exceptional sequence of storm surges occurred.
Results demonstrate that this computationally cheap method can provide an acceptably realistic estimate of the uncertainty.
1. Introduction
Increasing population, tourism pressure, sea level (SL) rise,
and increased storminess [1] pose a significant hazard for
many coastal areas of the world. e generation of extreme
coastal SLs and wind-waves produces overtopping of flood
defenses and constitutes a significant threat to life and prop-
erty, becoming a hazardous threat for coastal communities.
Providing a fully informative forecast of storm surge and of
associated flooding is of paramount importance for a wide
range of problems related to coastal environments protection,
receiving increasing attention from both the research and
the operational communities. In fact, in the last decades,
several countries have developed technologically advanced
storm surges forecast systems [2, 3].
Venice Lagoon, Italy, which is the subject of the current
study, is located at the shore of the Northern Adriatic Sea.
Floods, which are locally called “acqua alta” (meaning “high
water”), are a recurrent threat for this unique city, damaging
monuments and buildings, frequently disrupting everyday
life and affecting the local economy.
e dynamics of floods in Venice and other islands of the
lagoon have been described by several studies (e.g., [4–6]).
e morphology of the Adriatic Sea, shallow in its northern
part and deep in the south, and the basin’s shape, elongated,
semienclosed, and surrounded by mountain chains, exposes
the Venice Lagoon to intense storm surges, which are caused
by cyclones moving along the North Atlantic storm track
or secondary cyclones triggered by these systems in the
northwestern MR [5, 7].
Because of catastrophic past episodes (1966, 1979, and
1986), increased frequency caused by mean SL rise in the
past decades, and concern for future further intensification
[8], a tide forecast centre was established by the Venice
Municipality in 1980 (ICPSM, Istituzione Centro Previsioni e
Segnalazioni Maree), which delivers the SL prediction using
Hindawi Publishing Corporation
Advances in Meteorology
Volume 2016, Article ID 3764519, 8 pages
http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/3764519