International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering (IJRTE) ISSN: 2277-3878, Volume-8 Issue-3, September 2019 5215 Published By: Blue Eyes Intelligence Engineering & Sciences Publication Retrieval Number: C5852098319/2019©BEIESP DOI:10.35940/ijrte.C5852.098319 Abstract: In this study, an IoT-based smart orchard monitoring is proposed to gather and transmit environment data from a sensor node to a central node for necessary and relevant actuation in order to have good produce at the soonest amount of time. Wireless sensor motes are deployed based on a simple linear pattern across a square farm and only require the minimum set of specifications to monitor its surrounding. On the other hand, the central nodes will require more processing power, memory and power requirements. Sensor and central nodes communicate in a line-of-sight method and follows a deterministic routing table based on the sensor node’s four neighbors. Throughput, latency, and energy consumption results are presented to allow designers and farmers consideration and freedom on how to select which routing protocol can be used to achieve their target objectives. Keywords : Internet of Things, Smart Orchard Monitoring, Route Formation and Maintenance. I. INTRODUCTION Advances in sensing devices, computational capabilities, memory storage, and communications equipment have changed the way how ordinary and repetitive tasks are performed and accomplished. One of the major paradigms most commonly used today is the Internet of Things (IoT) concept. The IoT concept revolves on the presence of communicating and cooperating things to achieve a common goal [1]. IoT applications have been incorporated in information dissemination in vehicular network applications [2], industrial systems [3], household monitoring [4], surveillance [5], and many more routine applications. Another possible application is the integration of IoT in agriculture [6]. Agricultural applications involve the repetitive and periodic observation and surveillance of the field under consideration to allow fruit-bearing trees and vegetable plantation to grow and produce good and healthy fruits and harvests at the soonest possible time. Also, a huge amount of useful environment data is available in every plantation, such as soil moisture and nutrients, temperature, and humidity to name a few. Analyzing these parameters can aid farmers, engineers, and nature experts to design systems and processes that will supply farms with adequate assistance and appropriate actuations towards attaining goods production. Revised Manuscript Received on September 15, 2019 Elmer R. Magsino, Department of Electronics and Communications Engineering, Gokongwei College of Engineering, De La Salle University, Manila, Philippines. Email: elmer.magsino@dlsu.edu.ph An IoT-based smart agriculture study was presented in [7]. It employed a robot able to perform agricultural tasks such as weeding, spraying, etc. Also, smart irrigation and warehouse management were also studied. In [8], cloud computing was integrated with IoT to modernize the data collection of agricultural data. The same cloud computing technology was also applied in [9] to improve food and farm technology. The Green IoT Agriculture and Healthcare Applications (GAHA) architecture was proposed in [10]. Their model was a collaboration between sensors and the cloud to reduce energy consumption in agriculture and health care services. In this work, IoT is employed for gathering relevant farming information to activate the necessary actuators. This work focuses on the study of protocols that allow transfer of important information from a sensor node to a central node. Different from the previous works stated above, this work provides system designers results where they can choose from in order to achieve their agricultural goal. This research work addresses the proposal of a simple and inexpensive sensor and central nodes setup. Such scenario dictates a deterministic routing table for each sensor node when it needs to transfer data. Two default and basic MAC protocols, T-MAC and B-MAC, are evaluated in the design. This paper is organized as follows: Section II presents the setup and assumptions of the orchard to be monitored. The routing algorithm and maintenance discussions are also presented in this section. Section III analyzes the proposed system by showing the throughput, latency, and energy consumption. Finally, Section IV concludes the research study and provides some research endeavors in the future. II. IOT-BASED SMART ORCHARD MONITORING In this section, we present how to achieve an IoT-based smart orchard monitoring by employing wireless sensor networks. We also discuss how does each wireless sensor node communicate in the field by analyzing two know MAC protocols. A. Orchard Layout The vegetable or fruit orchard to be monitored is a square lot of size 4.5 km x 4.5 km or 20.25 km2, as depicted in Fig. 1. Red x’s represent the sensor nodes while black x’s are used to denote the plant/fruit/seed placements (plant for short). The blue circles, located at the center of each orchard section, are the central nodes. An IoT-based Smart Orchard Monitoring System by Employing Wireless Sensor Networks Elmer R. Magsino