Mohd Hafiz Abdul Satar and Ahmad Zhafran Ahmad Mazlan* School of Mechanical Engineering, Malaysia *Corresponding author: Ahmad Zhafran Ahmad Mazlan, The Vibration Lab, School of Mechanical Engineering, 14300 Nibong Tebal, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia Submission: January 4, 2019; Published: February 15, 2019 Piezoelectric Material Non-Linear Characteristics, Compensation Methods and Application Introduction Piezoelectric material has been widely used as sensor and actuator in many applications such as in structural vibration reduction [1-3], control of flexible structures [4,5], positioning control [6,7] and energy harvesting [8]. This is due to the piezoelectric effects which converted the mechanical energy to the electrical energy (i.e., sensing ability) and conversely from electrical energy to the mechanical energy (i.e., actuating ability). These piezoelectric effects were firstly discovered but only been used in 1940 (Figure 1a & 1b). Show both of the piezoelectricity working principle of sensing and actuating abilities, respectively. From these Figure 1a & 1b, the first effect is due to the mechanical stress which transfers the energy to the electrical charge across the material and the second effect is conversely due to the applied electrical charge to the material resulting in mechanical stress [9]. The detail of piezoelectric constitutive equations in the stress- charge form are given by: c S e E E p e σ = − (1) T D e S E e p s e = +∈ (2) Where S is the strain, σ is the stress, D e is the electric displacement, E e is the electric field strength, e p is the piezoelectric coupling coecient in the stress-charge form, c E contains stiffness coecients under constant electric field and ϵ S is the electric permittivity matrix under constant strain. Subscripts E indicates zero or constant electric field and σ is the zero or constant stress field, while superscript T denotes matrix transposition. Piezoelectric actuators are known for their various shapes, flexibility, high frequency response and high stiffness but very limited on displacement [10-12]. Thus, they are suitable for the vibration isolation of stiff structures. For example, piezoelectric actuator has been used to control the vibration in automotive [13,14], aerospace [1,15], robotic [7] and civil structures [16]. Figure 1: Sensing and actuating abilities from piezoelectric effect [10]. Non-linear hysteresis and creep are the inherent characteristic of the piezoelectric actuator, which affect their performance and these characteristics will be described in the next section. In Mini Review Evolutions in Mechanical Engineering C CRIMSON PUBLISHERS Wings to the Research 1/5 Copyright © All rights are reserved by Ahmad Zhafran Ahmad Mazlan. Volume 2 - Issue - 3 Abstract Piezoelectric materials are capable of converting the mechanical stress to the electrical charge and vice versa. These piezoelectric effects made them useful for sensors and actuators in many applications, such as in the control of structural vibration. Nonlinear hysteresis is one of the inherent characteristics of the piezoelectric material, which affect their performance. This characteristic has been widely studied and can be compensated using operator-based or differential-based models. Another important characteristic to be considered is creep. It has caused slow drift in the actuation process. In general, the compensated method can be divided into two group; open and closed loop methods. The non-linear characteristics of the piezoelectric material is important to be characterized and compensated, in particular for used in the Active Vibration Control (AVC) system. Keywords: Piezoelectric materials; Hysteresis; Creep; Structural vibration ISSN: 2640-9690