1 A view of the occupational structure in Imperial and Republican China (1640–1952) 1 Yongqin Guo & Zipeng Zhang & Bas van Leeuwen & Yi Xu, 1 The research leading to these results received funding from the European Research Council under the European Union's Horizon 2020 Programme / ERC-StG 637695 – HinDI, as part of the project "The historical dynamics of industrialization in Northwestern Europe and China ca. 1800–2010: a regional interpretation".