All rights reserved Reproduction of any part of this Journal, beyond that permitted by the Copyright Act, without the prior written permission of the publisher is unlawful. Published October, 2024 By West African Union University Institute Press, Cotonou, Republic of Benin. +22964115701 & 2348037750746 wauujournal@gmail.com ISSN: 2814 0516 Disclaimer The responsibility of the content and opinions expressed in the WAUU Journal of International Affairs and Contemporary Studies and is exclusively that of the author(s) concern. The publisher of the journal is not responsible for errors in the contents or any consequences from the use of the information contained in it. The opinions expressed in the research papers in this journal do not necessarily represent the views of the publisher.