International Journal of Research Publication and Reviews, Vol 5, no 3, pp 3973-3978 March 2024 International Journal of Research Publication and Reviews Journal homepage: www.ijrpr.com ISSN 2582-7421 A Review on Physical, Optical and Up-Conversion Properties of Lead Borate Glasses Co-Doped with Different Rare Earth Ions Renuka Bairagi a , Sukhdev Bairagi b , M. Y. Lone a , Ghizal F. Ansari a* a Department of Physics, Madhyanchal ProfessionalUniversity, Bhopal-462044, India b Department of Physics, Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel Govt. College Nalkheda-465445, India *Email: ansarigf@rediffmail.com DOI: https://doi.org/10.55248/gengpi.5.0324.0787 ABSTRACT: In this paper we review the effect of physical and optical, structural and upconversion properties were determined with different Nd 3+ -Yb 3+ Doped Lead Borate of tellurite base glass. The physical properties of the glasses were evaluated and the change in density, molar volume and ionic packing density in these glasses indicates the effect of B2O3different content show on the glasses structure. The study of optical properties such as the optical band gap and refractive index of zinc tellurite glass were studied. Lead Borate Tellurite glasses doped with Nd 3+ -Yb 3+ ions were synthesized by varies researcher. The glasses were characterized by X- ray diffraction, optical absorption and photoluminescence spectra. The glassy nature of borate tellurite host glass has been confirmed through XRD measurements. The glasses doped or co-doped with rare-earth ions have generated much interest due to the possibility of many potential applications in the field of photonics such as optical communication fibers, up conversion, photonic memories, display systems, X-ray image processing, sensors, optical amplifiers, optoelectronics, magneto- optical devices Keyword: Lead Borate Tellurite glasses, physical properties, structural properties optical properties, band gap, up conversion. 1. Introduction The current scientific interest is up conversion materials & process in lanthanide ion doped glasses is primarily motivated by the search of good optical materials for up conversion devices. Glass and Glasses ceramic doped with lanthanide ions materials are attractive because they produce effective up conversion luminescence. In addition, glassy materials are highly transparent from the UV to IR wave-length region and relatively high concentration of trivalent lanthanide ions induced into them in order to work in this area, one takes advantage of the high absorption cross-section for efficient energy transfer rates. It is provided by Yb 3+ as a sensitizer or donor and to improve substantially the effective up conversion in comparison to single ion (Er 3+ ) systems. Effective Er 3+ up conversion fluorescence has been observed in fluoride, chalcogenide, chloride, bromide and iodide glasses. In recent years, there have been many attempts to develop efficient laser devices based on the trivalent ytterbium ion (Yb 3+ ) operating around 980 nm [1– 6]. The Yb 3+ ion presents a very simple energy level structure with only two energy manifolds, the 2 F7/2 ground state and the 2 F5/2 excited level, which are separated by an energy gap of around 10,000 cm −1 . When a laser system uses Yb3+ as the active ion, this simple scheme is ideal to avoid undesirable effects, such as excited-state absorption, cross-relaxation or upconversion processes that would reduce the effective laser cross-section. An additional advantage is related to the possibility of some tunability in the near-infrared range (NIR) [7–11]. Due to the large number of electrons in the 4f 13 configuration of Yb 3+ ions, these are less shielded from host interaction than other rare earths, therefore Yb 3+ exhibits a significant broadening of its optical transitions. The broad emission spectrum provides sufficient bandwidth to generate and amplify ultrashort laser pulses, while the millisecond upper-state lifetime enables free-running lasers and laser diodes for pump sources [12]. This broadening can be further enhanced by the presence of local disorder of the Yb 3+ environments in a given host. However, some problems must be considered, such as the inherent quasi-three-level nature of the laser transition involved, since pumping and laser emission wavelengths are very close to each other [13,14]. Another important disadvantage of this simple energy level scheme is related to the existence of a single band absorption, which limits the pumping wavelength in the 920–1050 nm region (Δν~1350 cm −1 ), with a maximum at around 980 nm. An alternative way of exciting Yb 3+ ions is to take advantage of energy transfer processes from trivalent neodymium (Nd 3+ ) ions. Codoping materials with Nd 3+ ions as a sensitizer allows a broader spectral range for laser excitation due to the multiple absorption bands in the ultraviolet (UV), visible and NIR regions below 860 nm, with large absorption coefficients [15]. Another interesting advantage of this co-doped system is the possibility of using the 800 nm radiation of AlGaAs laser diodes as pump sources for Nd 3+ ions as they are generally cheaper and more powerful than the InGaAs laser diodes commonly used to pump Yb 3+ single-doped materials, which operate at 980 nm [9]. Resonantly exciting the Nd 3+ ions at 800 nm causes the 4 I9/2 → 4 F5/2 absorption transition to populate the 4 F5/2 level, from which a fast non-radiative relaxation to the 4 F3/2 metastable emitting state occurs. Subsequently, phonon-assisted energy transfer to Yb 3+ ions populate the 2 F5/2 emitting level. These Nd 3+ → Yb 3+ energy transfer processes have already been studied in several materials for different purposes.