Application of GIS and Artificial Intelligence in Military Operations: Prospects and Challenges Dr Mare Matthew and Mr. Ezra Chipatiso Abstract Geographic Information System (GIS) and Remote Sensing have been considered significant in the military due to their spatiality in nature. Recent military developments have seen various military institutions depending on spatial mapping tools, for the purpose of command, control, communication and coordination in military operations. In this study, the qualitative-analytical method was used to illustrate the applications of GIS in military operations, drawing lessons from land based military developments from selected studies. The benefits of GIS and machine learning in military operations included access to information; improved data management; information dissemination; improved terrain analysis; object, target or pattern recognition; quick data processing algorithms; autonomous systems; and predictive analysis. The study also notes some challenges associated with GIS and machine learning in military operations include expensive to set up which constituted of respondents; training requirements; cyber-security; software issues; offensive in nature, as well as misinterpretation of situations. The study recommends the need for human-AI collaboration and the development of a regulatory framework at national, regional and international level in ensuring sustainable implementation of GIS technology in military operations. Key Words: GIS and Remote Sensing, Military operations, Artificial Intelligence, Drone technology 1. Introduction In the recent decades, military developments have often seen various military institutions around the globe depending on reliable and accurate spatial mapping tools, in order to take quick decisions for operational orders during military operations (Satyanarayana &Yogendran 2009; Ciprian 2018). This concept of “Information advantage,” has revolutionized the ability of military personnel to make quick decisions than their adversaries (Luckenbaugh, 2023). The use of GIS applications in military has transformed the way in which the entity function. Geospatial technologies have prompted military organizations to utilize spatial data in attaining dominance in military power, and the art of acquiring information in real or near real-time has allowed military forces to dominate and take control of the war (Dawid & Pokonieczny 2019; Petrovski & Radovanovi 2021). In this study, GIS applications essential for military operations include route network analysis and terrain analysis, as well as GIS integration 1