Citation: Senarathne, H.N.Y.;
Asmone, A.S.; Chew, M.Y.L.
Developing a Waterproofing
Decision-Making Model for
High-Rise Building Projects in the
Tropics. Buildings 2023, 13, 2328.
https://doi.org/10.3390/
buildings13092328
Academic Editors: Jurgita
Antucheviciene and S.A.
Edalatpanah
Received: 14 August 2023
Revised: 4 September 2023
Accepted: 8 September 2023
Published: 13 September 2023
Copyright: © 2023 by the authors.
Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
This article is an open access article
distributed under the terms and
conditions of the Creative Commons
Attribution (CC BY) license (https://
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/
4.0/).
buildings
Article
Developing a Waterproofing Decision-Making Model for
High-Rise Building Projects in the Tropics
Helapura Nuwanshi Yasodara Senarathne
1
, Ashan Senel Asmone
1,
* and Michael Yit Lin Chew
2
1
Department of Building Economics, Faculty of Architecture, University of Moratuwa,
Moratuwa 10400, Sri Lanka
2
Department of Built Environment, College of Design and Engineering, National University of Singapore,
Singapore 119077, Singapore
* Correspondence: ashan.a@u.nus.edu; Tel.: +94-112-650-738
Abstract: The most severe problem in high-rise structures is a failure to achieve watertightness. Since
the presence of water in a structure can have a detrimental impact, adequate consideration must
be taken when selecting a suitable waterproofing system based on several factors. As a result, this
research aims to examine the factors that affect the selection of the best waterproofing solution in high-
rise building projects in the tropics. Preliminary observations were conducted to investigate typically
occurring issues with high-rise buildings which contain commercial, office, and residential facilities.
Data were collected through questionnaire surveys and semi-structured interviews with professionals
in the waterproofing industry. This study provides a comprehensive understanding of the issues
concerning waterproofing and suggests an effective solution for the same. The assessment of the
best waterproofing selection criterion was analyzed by incorporating the Best Worst Method (BWM).
Based on the global ranking reached, the decision-making framework was developed, and three main
specifications, technical, construction, and product, were suggested to select an ideal waterproofing
solution. This study provides insightful guidance for professionals in the waterproofing industry and
their clientele towards an optimal solution, facilitating informed decision-making processes.
Keywords: building defects; Best Worst Method (BWM); Multicriteria Decision-Making (MCDM);
decision-making framework; waterproofing
1. Introduction
Since the tropical environment has a distinct climate [1], including elevated temper-
ature patterns and specific precipitation patterns, waterproofing is crucial for high-rise
buildings in such a setting [2]. A monsoonal climate, which denotes high intermittent
rainfall events, changing water tables, cyclical saturation level, and unsaturation with
related chemical shifts and floods, is present in many tropical regions. This suggests that
buildings in tropical areas have a propensity to deteriorate fast, particularly when it comes
to external building materials that are exposed to factors including rain, wind, sunlight,
UV radiation, and air pollution [3].
Major defects and persistent problems in high-rise buildings are caused by water [4,5].
Accessible water is carried into a building structure by a variety of mechanisms, including
hydrostatic pressure, capillary forces, tension on the surface, air currents, and natural
gravitation [5]. The main cause of moisture problems in buildings is leaks in structural
elements such as the roof, wall, and ceiling [6]. There are several ways that water may
enter a building, including through cracks, expansion joints, openings in the walls and roof,
and solids that are porous in nature. Any surface area that comes into the path of water
possesses the potential to let water in or potentially leads to water coming into a structure
and must thus be waterproofed [4].
According to the definition of waterproofing, it is “a method to protect the structure
from moisture on the surface or filtering water from groundwater, precipitation, or other
Buildings 2023, 13, 2328. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13092328 https://www.mdpi.com/journal/buildings