This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. The license permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, on the condition that users give exact credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if they made any changes. Role of Microbial Communities in Compost and Plant Growth: Structure and Function Atiqullah Sarwari  Department of Biology, Faculty of Education, Helmand University, Helmand, Afghanistan; Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty,050038, Kazakhstan G. Zh. Abdieva Candidate of biological sciences, Kazakh National University named after al-Farabi University, associate professor of biotechnology department, Almaty city. 050038, Kazakhstan Mohammad Hassan Hassand Department of Biology, Faculty of Education, Kandahar University, Kandahar, Afghanistan; Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty,050038, Kazakhsta Uzair Mohammad Kakar Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Education, Logar University, Logar, Afghanistan; Department of physical and chemical science, faculty of chemistry and chemical technology Almaty,050038 Kazakhstan Parwiz Niazi Department of Biology, Faculty of Education, Kandahar University, Kandahar, Afghanistan Abstract: The review explores the microbial communities within composite composts, focusing on their role in decomposition and nutrient cycling, using advanced molecular techniques and traditional microbiological assays, the researchers examine the diverse bacteria, fungi, and archaea in compost matrices, they highlight the richness and complexity of these ecosystems, their adaptability to various environmental conditions, and their substrate compositions. Certain important groups of microorganisms are essential for breaking down organic material, releasing nutrients, and creating humic substances that are vital for soil health and plant development. The research also shows how the makeup of the microbial community and the conditions of composting work together, which has a big impact on how well the compost matures and how good the final product is. Keywords: Microbial communities, Plant Growth, Soil fertility, Environmental factors, Techniques, Management. Introduction Composting, which is a sustainable waste management practice at its root, is based on the elaborate maintenance of the involvement of microbial communities in the organic matter transformation into a high-nutrient humus. Recognizing not only the structural and functional properties but also the relationship between these biodiversity microbial consortia within composite composts can be considered the main priority for the optimization of composting methods and the application of soil Suggested Citation Sarwari, A., Abdieva, G.Zh., Hassand, M.H., Mohammad, K.U. & Niazi, P. (2024). Role of Microbial Communities in Compost and Plant Growth: Structure and Function. European Journal of Theoretical and Applied Sciences, 2(2), 23-37. DOI: 10.59324/ejtas.2024.2(2).03