Lifeline Microbiology. Volume 2 issue 1(2024), Pp. 16-28 https://lifelinejournals.org/journals/lifeline-microbiology Aplastic Anemia in HIV: Role of Endocrine Dysfunction and Hormonal Imbalance *Emmanuel Ifeanyi Obeagu 1 and Malachy C. Iheanacho 2 1 Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Kampala International University, Uganda. 2 Department of Haematology, Federal Teaching Hospital, Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria *Corresponding authour: Emmanuel Ifeanyi Obeagu, Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Kampala International University, Uganda, emmanuelobeagu@yahoo.com, ORCID: 0000-0002- 4538-0161 Abstract Aplastic anemia (AA) in individuals with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) presents a multifaceted clinical challenge, further complicated by endocrine dysfunction and hormonal imbalances. This review explores the impact of endocrine abnormalities on the pathogenesis and management of AA in HIV-infected patients. Endocrine dysfunction, including adrenal insufficiency, thyroid disorders, and sex hormone imbalances, can exacerbate the bone marrow failure characteristic of AA, influencing both disease progression and therapeutic strategies. The review examines the pathophysiological mechanisms through which hormonal imbalances contribute to AA in the context of HIV. Adrenal insufficiency, thyroid dysfunction, and disruptions in sex hormone levels can impair hematopoiesis and exacerbate the severity of AA. The review also highlights the clinical manifestations of these endocrine abnormalities and their impact on diagnostic and management practices. Keywords: Aplastic anemia, HIV, endocrine dysfunction, hormonal imbalance, bone marrow failure Introduction Aplastic anemia (AA) is a critical hematological condition characterized by the failure of the bone marrow to produce sufficient blood cells, leading to pancytopenia. This disorder, while severe on its own, presents even greater complexity in patients who are also infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). HIV-related AA is compounded by a range of factors, including the impact of the virus on the immune system and the associated complications that arise from its