Galangin attenuates adenine-induced chronic renal failure by inhibiting transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) expression https://nephropathol.com DOI: 10.34172/jnp.2023.21461 J Nephropathol. 2023;x(x):e21461 Journal of Nephropathology *Corresponding author: Ganta Suhasin, Email: sganta@gitam.edu Deepthi Rayilla ID , Ganta Suhasin* ID Department of Pharmacology, GITAM School of Pharmacy, GITAM Deemed to be University, Visakhapatnam 530045, Andhra Pradesh, India ARTICLE INFO Article type: Original Article history: Received: 22 March 2023 Accepted: 8 June 2023 Published online: 23 September 2023 Keywords: Adenine Galangin Transforming growth factor beta Flow cytometry Introduction: Galangin (3,5,7 tri-hydroxy flavone), naturally active flavonoid is derived from the rhizomes of Alpinia officinarum is proven to be effective antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti- cancer. However, protective effects of galangin in chronic renal failure (CRF) is not explored. Objectives: This study is aimed to investigate the nephroprotective activity of galangin in adenine- induced CRF rats. Materials and Methods: Adenine induced rats were administered galangin 20 mg/kg and 40 mg/kg body weight (BW) serum renal and hepatic parameters, and renal antioxidant-lipid peroxidation parameters, histological studies were carried out. The mechanism of action was investigated by flow cytometry. Results: Galangin has normalized serum renal and hepatic parameters, reduced oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation. Histopathology confirms nephroprotection. The percentage number of cells expressing transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) was reduced with galangin treatment. Conclusion: Galangin exerts nephroprotection in adenine induced CRF by inhibiting TGF-β expression. ABSTRACT Implication for health policy/practice/research/medical education: The data suggests that galangin administration in rats has reduced the progression of chronic renal failure in adenine induced CRF. Thus, it can be a useful alternate or adjunct in CRF. Please cite this paper as: Rayilla D, Suhasin G. Galangin attenuates adenine-induced chronic renal failure by inhibiting transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) expression. J Nephropathol. 2023;x(x):e21461. DOI: 10.34172/jnp.2023.21461. Introduction Chronic renal failure (CRF) is a condition where the glomerular filtration rate is less than 60ml/min for more than three months. The condition is characterized by increased serum creatinine and urea nitrogen. Further kidney biopsy shows glomerular sclerosis, tubular atrophy, and interstitial fibrosis (1). Family history, drug misuse, diabetes, hypertension, environmental pollution, infections, and obesity contribute to CRF (2). CRF has connections with fibrosis, a regenerative mechanism that contributes to short-term repair. Persistent repair and regeneration lead to scarring of tissue. These events progress to end-stage renal failure (3). Adenine causes oxidative stress, lipid peroxidation, inflammation, apoptosis, and fibrosis leading to CRF (4). Natural small molecules have been effective in reversing fibrosis progression with low toxicity, which indicates efforts to explore these natural molecules in CRF are important (5). Galangin (3,5,7tri-hydroxy flavone), naturally active flavonoid is derived from the rhizomes of Alpinia officinarum. It possesses osteoinduction (5), antimicrobial (6) antioxidant & anti-aging (7), anti-inflammatory (8), anti-cancer & antiangiogenic (9). It has also been proven nephroprotective against cisplatin (10, 11) and diabetic nephropathy (12). Objectives The current study aims to explore the nephroprotective activity of galangin against adenine-induced CRF. Materials and Methods The present study is an experimental study conducted as per protocol. Original