Citation: Rezakhani, M.; Kim, S.-A. Genetic Algorithm-Driven Optimization of Pattern for Parametric Facade Design Based on Support Position Data to Increase Visual Quality. Buildings 2024, 14, 1086. https://doi.org/10.3390/ buildings14041086 Academic Editor: John C. Brigham Received: 22 February 2024 Revised: 28 March 2024 Accepted: 9 April 2024 Published: 13 April 2024 Copyright: © 2024 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by/ 4.0/). buildings Article Genetic Algorithm-Driven Optimization of Pattern for Parametric Facade Design Based on Support Position Data to Increase Visual Quality Mojgan Rezakhani 1 and Sung-Ah Kim 2, * 1 Department of Convergence Engineering for Future City and Global Smart City, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea; mn.rezakhani@g.skku.edu 2 Department of Architecture, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea * Correspondence: sakim@skku.edu Abstract: One of the most critical challenges for architects in façade design is providing an effective view from the indoors to the outdoors of a building for users, although the main role of the parametric façade is covering openings to control daylight and temperature. This study uses a genetic algorithm to optimize and evaluate the number and place of nodes and the position of supports required for a parametric façade based on the geometric patterns. Using the dataset with genetic algorithms is effective in reducing or replacing the nodes and supports of the façade. It also creates broader and irregular patterns just around the windows, which decreases the visual disturbance experienced by occupants. Accordingly, optimal building facade operation in terms of both building aesthetics and performance is important. The method used in this study, validated through three geometric grid patterns based on node positions, can be used to analyze dataset-incorporated patterns for potential irregular façade extensions. The nodes are considered by analyzing the cross-section optimization using the Galapagos program, and then data are obtained with Karamba based on reaction force, node force, and the deformation energy. The results show that among the three grid patterns, i.e., triangular, square, and hexagonal, the hexagonal grid is most efficient, exhibiting up to 60% lower reaction force, 40% lower node force, and 30% less deformation energy than the square grid pattern. The proposed GA also shows its effectiveness in enhancing the performance of parametric façades with patterns, thereby improving the occupants’ visual experience. Keywords: genetic algorithm; façade optimization; pattern; visual of occupants 1. Introduction In contemporary architecture, the façade has more than just a decorative or protective function. It plays a significant role in influencing the view from the interior to the exterior of a building and, as such, affects the experiences and perceptions of the building’s occupants. However, achieving the optimal design for a building façade that balances both aesthetic appeal and functional performance presents a complex challenge for architects [1]. In addi- tion, the geometric pattern design and support positions in the façade structure significantly affect the overall performance and visual disturbance experienced by occupants. Thus, there is a need for comprehensive strategies that can facilitate more efficient façade design. Façade design is one of the items that affect indoor visual comfort, significantly influencing user satisfaction [2]. A well-designed façade can enhance daylight, thermal comfort, and energy efficiency and reduce reliance on artificial lighting, thereby improving overall building performance [3]. Also, contrary to what we may think, how we design façade elements such as window patterns, support positioning, and façade geometry can cause visual disturbances. Daylight can cause visual discomfort like glare and unwanted reflections and affect the thermal balance of rooms through overheating [4]. Therefore, the main challenge for designers in an effective daylighting design is to keep the balance Buildings 2024, 14, 1086. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14041086 https://www.mdpi.com/journal/buildings