Journal of Advanced Zoology ISSN: 0253-7214 Volume 44 Issue S-3 Year 2023 Page 1495:1503 ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ - 1495 - Skull Evolution Method and Analysis in The Rhinocerotidae: Phylogeny of Early Rhinocerotoids I. S. Chakrapani 1* , Muniyandy Elangovan 2 , Renuka Deshmukh 3 , Prasanta Kumar Parida 4 , Rahul Kumar 5 , Sandeep Rout 6 1 Assistant Professor, Department of Zoology, PRR & VS Govt. College, Vidavalur, AP, India 2 Department of Biosciences, Saveetha School of Engineering, Thandalam & Department of R&D, Bond Marine Consultancy, London, UK 3 Associate Professor, Department of School of Business, Dr Vishwanath Karad MIT World Peace University, Pune 4 Associate Professor, School of Rural Management, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India 5 Department of Zoology, Sheodeni Sao College (Magadh University), Kaler-824127, India 6 Assistant Professor, Faculty of Agriculture, Sri Sri University, Cuttack, Odisha -754006, India *Corresponding author’s: I. S. Chakrapani Article History Received: 06 June 2023 Revised: 05 Sept 2023 Accepted: 15 Nov 2023 CC License CC-BY-NC-SA 4.0 Abstract After phylogeny is measurably disposed of, cranial elements utilized essentially for rumination ought to change most with hypsodonty (high-delegated cheek teeth). These structures should be least phylogenetically restricted. Corollary: structures with significant common ancestry will integrate more morphologically. All living rhinoceroses and many extinct European Plio- Pleistocene species We examined skull, mandible, and upper tooth row form in the dorsal, lateral, and occlusal perspectives using two-dimensional geometric morphometrics. Hypsodonty index was employed to represent eating behaviours. We divided form variation into function, phylogeny, and size using phylogenetically independent comparisons and variation partitioning. We used Escoufier's RV coefficient to evaluate morphological reconciliation. The mandible and upper tooth column covariate most with hypsodonty and least with phylogeny. Skull morphology corresponds least with hypsodonty and most with phylogeny. Low morphological joining between the top tooth line and different parts recommends it is the least phylogenetically restricted. As predicted, the chewing area is confined by function rather than phylogeny, unlike others. Keywords: Skull Evolution Method, Rhinocerotidae, Phylogeny, Rhinocerotoids, Analysis. 1. Introduction The Indian rhinoceros (Rhinoceros unicornis), or Indian rhino for short, otherwise called the more prominent one-horned rhinoceros or incredible Indian rhinoceros, is a rhinoceros animal types local to the Indian subcontinent. It is recorded as Helpless on the IUCN Red Rundown, as populaces are divided and confined to under 20,000 km2 (7,700 sq. mi). In addition, the degree and nature of the rhino's most significant territory, the alluvial Terai-Duar savanna and prairies and riverine backwoods, is viewed as in decline because of human and animals’ infringement. As of August, the worldwide populace was assessed to contain 3,588 people, remembering 2,939 people for India and 649 in Nepal. Kazi Ranga Public Park alone had an expected populace of 2,048 rhinos. Pobitora Untamed life Asylum in Assam has the most elevated thickness of Indian rhinos on the planet with 84 people in a space of 38.80 km2 (14.98 sq. mi). Indian rhinos once went all through the whole stretch of the Indo-Gangetic Plain, however over the top hunting and farming improvement diminished its reach radically to 11 destinations in northern India and southern Nepal. In the mid-1990s, somewhere in the range of 1,870 and 1,895 Indian rhinos were assessed to have been alive. From that point forward, numbers have expanded because of preservation estimates taken by the public authority. Be that as it may, poaching stays a persistent danger, as in excess of 150 Indian rhinos were killed in Assam. Almost 85% of the worldwide Indian rhinoceroses' populace is moved in Assam, where Kazi Ranga Public Park contains 70% of rhino populace. skull