IFAC PapersOnLine 52-8 (2019) 176–181
ScienceDirect
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2405-8963 © 2019, IFAC (International Federation of Automatic Control) Hosting by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Peer review under responsibility of International Federation of Automatic Control.
10.1016/j.ifacol.2019.08.067
© 2019, IFAC (International Federation of Automatic Control) Hosting by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
1. INTRODUCTION
Highly Automated Driving (HAD) is getting more and
more important to modern society and increases safety
and comfort on the roads. ACC and Lane Keeping As-
sistant (LKA) are only two exemplary modules in the
wide field of advanced driver assistant systems. HAD is
located one level below fully automated driving which
relieves the driver from the driving activity and requires
him to fulfill a monitoring passenger role only. The aim on
one side is to decrease the number of accidents which are
nowadays mostly caused by human failures, as reported in
Singh (2015). On the other side, such systems offer more
efficiency in the driving process and comfort for the driver.
IAV GmbH has designed automated driving solutions for
decades. During the last months, IAV GmbH has driven
more than 300.000 km on highways in Germany, France,
and the USA with its highly automated vehicle prototypes,
which are also used for this study.
An overview of different software architectures to realize
HAD functionality can be found e.g in Ulbrich et al.
(2015); Ta¸s et al. (2016). Recent approaches consist typi-
cally of three layers – similar to classic robotic solutions,
see Figure 1. The first layer realizes the environment
perception with the main focus on object detection and
prediction as well as on lane detection and free space
Figure 1. Functional Architecture for HAD System
calculation. The second layer consists of decision making,
including strategic, tactical and operational planning. The
strategy module realizes route calculation and abstract
mission planning. The tactical module aims to generate
optimal driving maneuver requests (e.g. lane change, lane
keeping, parking) in order to follow the strategic route and
actions. It continuously compares the driving state with
the target state (e.g. target speed and target lane) and
attempts to optimize the short term traveling behavior.
The operational module supplies atomic driving maneu-
vers such as lane keeping, lane change, etc. This lowest
decision level knows the feasibility of each individual driv-
ing maneuver and tries to fulfill the requirements of the
tactical level by using path planning algorithms. Subse-
quently, to the decision layer, the trajectory planning and
lateral and longitudinal vehicle dynamic controllers realize
detailed movement planning and tracking task inside the
third layer.
General longitudinal control approaches can be found e.g.
in Rajamani (2012). Classical ACC controller architec-
tures, including a fuzzy controller, are presented in Benalie
et al. (2009); Ko and Lee (2007). These control structures
were the starting point of the current approach. However,
such simple approaches consider only one ACC object
and as a result. With this kind of approaches, it is hard
to match the increasing customer requirements regarding
driver comfort in the case of crowded traffic conditions.
As an improvement for this kind of approaches in the
current study, a new multi-object based ACC solution is
proposed and verified over real-time test drives. In this
way, it becomes possible to cover the practical cases that
can be faced in real-time traffic conditions. These practical
cases and the contribution of the proposed approach is
discussed within the scope of this study.
More sophisticated approaches like model predictive con-
trol based ACC are presented in Stanger and del Re (2013);
Corona and De Schutter (2008). A reinforcement learning
based ACC approach can be found in Desjardins and
Chaib-draa (2011). Since the goal design of this study
Keywords: Automated Guided Vehicles, Automobile Industry, Automotive Control, Dynamic Behaviour
Abstract: Developments regarding driver assistant systems are one of the most active fields of
research and development within the automotive industry. In the present paper, a longitudinal
vehicle guidance concept for a multi-object Adaptive Cruise Control (ACC) will be introduced.
The goal is to design a reliable, computationally efficient and intuitive approach for ACC which
maximizes the drivers comfort in dense traffic conditions. Development of the control structure,
as well as the target selection approach, are the central aspects of the paper. The results are
verified with measurement data from test drives on the Boulevard P´eriph´erique in Paris.
*
Development Center Chemnitz/Stollberg, IAV GmbH, 09366
Stollberg, Germany (e-mail: {Frank.Schroedel, Norman01.Schwarz}@iav.de)
Frank Schr¨odel
*
Patrick Herrmann
*
Norman Schwarz
*
An Improved Multi-Object
Adaptive Cruise Control Approach