Early Intervention in the Real World
Prevalence of suicide risk factors in people at
ultra-high risk of developing psychosis:
a service auditeip_302 375..380
Paul Hutton,
1,3
Samantha Bowe,
2
Sophie Parker
2,3
and Sarah Ford
3
1
Psychosis Research Unit (PRU) and
2
Early
Detection and Intervention Team (EDIT),
Greater Manchester West Mental Health
Foundation NHS Trust, and
3
University of
Manchester, Manchester, UK
Corresponding author: Dr Paul Hutton,
Psychosis Research Unit, Psychology
Department, Greater Manchester West
Mental Health NHS Foundation Trust,
Bury New Road, Prestwich, Manchester
M25 3BL, UK. Email: paulhutton@nhs.net
Received 3 September 2010; accepted 28
May 2011
Abstract
Background: Little data is available
on the prevalence of suicide risk
factors in people at ultra-high risk
(UHR) of developing psychosis.
Aim: The aim of this study was to
provide an estimate of the cross-
sectional prevalence of possible
suicide risk factors in those attending
a routine clinical service for people at
UHR of developing psychosis.
Methods: For all patients in treat-
ment (n = 34) over a 4-week period,
levels of suicidal ideation and depres-
sion upon entry to the service were
assessed by auditing intake scores
on the Beck Depression Inventory,
second edition. Level of engagement
with services, social isolation, sub-
stance and alcohol misuse, ready
access to means, current suicidal
ideation, previous suicide attempts,
current or previous self-harm,
expressions of concern from others,
depression, agitation, hopelessness,
worthlessness, suspiciousness and
fears of mental disintegration were all
assessed by case note review and
interview with the treating clinician.
Results: There was a high prevalence
of at least mild suicidal ideation
(58.8%, n = 20) and severe depressed
mood (47%, n = 16) in this client
group at point of entry to the service.
Seven people (20.6%) had engaged
in serious self-harm (including
attempted suicide) during the time
they were in contact with the service.
Forty-seven per cent (n = 16)
reported at least 27 suicide attempts
between them; the mean number
of attempts being 1.69 (standard
deviation = 1.08).
Conclusion: Suicide risk was high in
this small sample of people at UHR
of developing psychosis. Controlled
research with larger samples and
better methodology is urgently
required to inform legal, ethical and
scientific debates surrounding this
group.
Key words: cognitive behaviour therapy, preventative psychiatry,
psychotic disorders, suicide, ultra-high risk group.
INTRODUCTION
The Salford Early Detection and Intervention Team
(EDIT) is based within a UK National Health
Service primary care setting and provides assess-
ment, cognitive therapy and elements of case man-
agement to people at ultra-high risk (UHR
1
) of
developing psychosis, in line with the treatment
framework outlined by French and Morrison.
2
A
single centre trial of this approach found it to be
effective at reducing or delaying transition to
psychosis.
3,4
This is currently being evaluated
further in a multi-centre trial.
The likely benefits to UHR patients of being
treated in primary care (e.g. reduced stigma,
increased acceptability) must be weighed against
the possibility that they present a level of risk of
serious self-harm, which might be more appropri-
ately managed in a secondary care setting. However,
there is very little data available to inform any
debate. A very recent study of 106 people with a
schizophrenia diagnosis retrospectively assessed
Early Intervention in Psychiatry 2011; 5: 375–380 doi:10.1111/j.1751-7893.2011.00302.x
First Impact Factor released in June 2010
and now listed in MEDLINE!
© 2011 Blackwell Publishing Asia Pty Ltd
375