Citation: Syriopoulou-Delli, C.; Sarri,
K.; Papaefstathiou, E.; Filiou, A.-E.;
Gkiolnta, E. Educational Programs
Supporting Higher Education
Individuals with Autism Spectrum
Disorder: A Systematic Literature
Review. Trends High. Educ. 2024, 3,
710–724. https://doi.org/10.3390/
higheredu3030040
Academic Editor: Heather Kanuka
Received: 15 April 2024
Revised: 19 July 2024
Accepted: 8 August 2024
Published: 21 August 2024
Copyright: © 2024 by the authors.
Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
This article is an open access article
distributed under the terms and
conditions of the Creative Commons
Attribution (CC BY) license (https://
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/
4.0/).
Systematic Review
Educational Programs Supporting Higher Education Individuals
with Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Systematic Literature Review
Christine Syriopoulou-Delli *, Kyriaki Sarri, Elpis Papaefstathiou, Areti-Eirini Filiou and Eleni Gkiolnta *
Department of Educational and Social Policy, University of Macedonia, 54636 Thessaloniki, Greece;
sarrikiki@uom.edu.gr (K.S.); papaelpi@uom.edu.gr (E.P.); aretifiliou@uom.edu.gr (A.-E.F.)
* Correspondence: csyriop@uom.edu.gr (C.S.-D.); egkiolnta@uom.edu.gr (E.G.)
Abstract: Young individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) seem to attend higher education
more frequently. Yet, the academic performance of students with ASD and the graduation rate
appear to be poorer than those of typical development students. Moreover, college students with
ASD face several challenges in their everyday and social lives. Students with ASD seem not to receive
the appropriate social and educational support in higher education. This article reports the results
of a systematic literature review of research programs and services designed to meet the needs of
students with ASD enrolled in higher education. Several interventions are available and appear to
be effective in supporting students with ASD in higher education (e.g., social planning intervention,
focus groups, coaching paired with behavioral skills training, video feedback, visual framework,
peer mentoring, and virtual reality). In addition, this article shows that colleges and universities face
the challenge of preparing for these students and the need to provide psychological support for them.
Moreover, studies of experiences and opinions of college students with ASD from their perspectives
are included.
Keywords: autism spectrum disorder; university; college; students; interventions
1. Introduction
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is characterized by impairments in social interaction,
verbal and nonverbal communication deficits, and restricted and repetitive interests and
behavior [1]. The severity of these symptoms ranges from mild to severe, and they persist
throughout the lifespan. Current data suggest that the prevalence of ASD in the USA is
approximately 1 in 36 individuals [2], while it was 1 in 54 [3]. In Europe, the prevalence
of ASD appears to be 1 in 89 individuals [4]. Given the increasing prevalence of ASD
over recent decades, there are many adolescents with ASD transitioning to adulthood.
Many of them face several difficulties including socialization with their peers, vocational
rehabilitation, and entry into society [5,6].
Data indicates that students with ASD undertake higher education studies [7]. Yet, aca-
demic outcomes are often poor (fewer than 20% of students with ASD graduated or were
even on track to graduate five years after high school; [8]), and there is awareness of the
challenges, that students with ASD have to face [9]. While more young adults with ASD
are continuing to post-secondary education and higher education (approximately 35–40%
of individuals with ASD pursue higher education; [10]), they seem to be fewer in number
than individuals with other types of disabilities (e.g., speech/language, hearing, or visual
impairments; [9]). Compared with their peers with other disabilities, students with ASD
are less likely to take steps to prepare for college while in high school and more likely to
enroll in a 2-year college (32%) than a 4-year college (17%) [11]. Colleges and universities
face the challenge of preparing for these students, while autistic students do not receive the
appropriate social and educational support in higher education [12,13].
Trends High. Educ. 2024, 3, 710–724. https://doi.org/10.3390/higheredu3030040 https://www.mdpi.com/journal/higheredu