 Corresponding author: Nwakamma Ninduwezuor-Ehiobu. Copyright © 2024 Author(s) retain the copyright of this article. This article is published under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Liscense 4.0. Assessing the environmental and health impacts of plastic production and recycling Alex Olanrewaju Adekanmbi 1 , Emmanuel Chigozie Ani 2 , Ayodeji Abatan 3 , Uchenna Izuka 4 , Nwakamma Ninduwezuor-Ehiobu 5, * and Alexander Obaigbena 6 1 Independent Researcher, California, USA. 2 Department of Electrical Engineering, The University of Nebraska-Lincoln, USA. 3 Saltwire Network, Halifax, Canada. 4 YMCA GTA, Canada. 5 FieldCore, part of GE Vernova, Canada. 6 Darey.io, United Kingdom. World Journal of Biology Pharmacy and Health Sciences, 2024, 17(02), 232–241 Publication history: Received on 08 January 2024; revised on 15 February 2024; accepted on 17 February 2024 Article DOI: https://doi.org/10.30574/wjbphs.2024.17.2.0081 Abstract Plastic production and recycling have become integral processes in modern society, but their environmental and health impacts have garnered significant attention in recent years. This review outlines key findings from a comprehensive assessment of these impacts, drawing from a range of scientific literature and empirical studies. The environmental footprint of plastic production encompasses various stages, from extraction of raw materials to manufacturing and distribution. These processes contribute to greenhouse gas emissions, energy consumption, and pollution of air, water, and soil. Additionally, plastic waste, particularly single-use items, poses a significant threat to ecosystems and wildlife, with marine environments being particularly vulnerable. While recycling is often promoted as a solution to mitigate the environmental impact of plastics, its effectiveness is limited by various factors. Challenges such as contamination, inadequate infrastructure, and low rates of collection and recycling hinder the potential benefits. Moreover, the recycling process itself can generate pollutants and emissions, albeit to a lesser extent than primary production. Beyond environmental concerns, the health implications of plastic use are increasingly recognized. Plastics contain additives such as phthalates and bisphenols, which have been linked to endocrine disruption, reproductive issues, and other health problems in humans and wildlife. Furthermore, the accumulation of microplastics in the environment raises concerns about potential bioaccumulation and transfer through the food chain, with implications for human health. Addressing the environmental and health impacts of plastic production and recycling requires a multifaceted approach, including reduction of plastic consumption, improvement of recycling infrastructure and technologies, development of alternative materials, and policy interventions to promote sustainable practices. This assessment highlights the complex interplay between plastic usage, environmental degradation, and public health, underscoring the need for concerted efforts to mitigate these challenges. Keywords: Environment; Health; Plastic; Pollution; Recycling; Review 1. Introduction Plastic, since its inception in the early 20th century, has revolutionized various industries due to its versatility, durability, and cost-effectiveness. From packaging to automotive parts, from medical devices to electronic gadgets, plastic has become an integral part of our daily lives. However, the widespread use and disposal of plastic have led to severe environmental consequences (Evode et al., 2021).