International Journal of Vocational Education and Training Volume 17, Number 2 ©The International Vocational Education and Training Association Editorial Staff Editor: Davison M. Mupinga Associate Editor: Jennifer Schneider Typesetter: Christine Brooks Editorial Board Abouhakr Badawi • Kuwait Jeanette Daines • USA Curtis R. Finch • USA Daniel L. Gilbert • USA Jim Gleeson • Ireland Phil Glenwright • Hong Kong Johanna L. Lasonen • Finland Doo H. Lim • USA Richard W. Moore • USA Ramlee B. Mustapha • Malaysia Stamatis N. Paleocrassas • Greece Maria G. Rodriguez-Calcagno • USA Sterling Saddler • USA Jan N. Streumer • Netherlands Anatoli Tchaban • Switzerland Kenneth S. Volk • Hong Kong Past Journal Editors Dennis R. Herschbach • Volumes 1-3 Alexander F. ompson • Volumes 4 and 5(1) Magnus M. B. Ross • Volume 5(2) Curtis R. Finch • Volume 6(1) Dennis R. Herschbach • Volume 6(2) Cliſton P. Campbell and Ernest W. Brewer • Volume 7 Ernest W. Brewer and Cliſton P. Campbell • Volume 8 Ernest W. Brewer • Volumes 9-16 Davison M. Mupinga • Volume 17 Even though space does not permit us to include the names of many others who contributed their valuable time and talent in service to the Journal, we do thank them as well. Since 1993, they have served as associate editors; co-editors; guest, style, copy, and managing editors; managing reviewers; members of the editorial board; regional editors; and publishers. e International Journal of Vocational Education and Training is the official refereed pub- lication of the International Vocational Education and Training Association (IVETA). It is published bi-annually and sent to members and subscribers. Regular individual mem- bership dues are US $60.00 per year. For subscription information, change of address, or to purchase additional copies of the journal, contact Barbara Ann Herrmann, Executive Secretariat, IVETA, 186 Wedgewood Drive, Mahtomedi, MN 55115. Phone her at 651-770- 6719 or email her at iveta@visi.com. ISSN: 1075-2455