Advances in Applied NanoBio-Technologies 2021, Volume 2, Issue 4, Pages: 47-52 47 Adv. Appl. NanoBio Tech. ISSN: 2710-4001 Recent advancements in Graphene oxide-based for fight with HIV infection Negin Niknafs 1 , Negar Javanmardi 2* 1 Dept. of Anatomy School of Medicine Ardebil University of Medical Science Ardebil. Iran 2 School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology. Nanjing, 210094, China Received: 10/07/2021 Accepted: 02/08/2021 Published: 20/12/2021 Abstract The only successful trial to date against the HIV is the RV144 trials, and today, due to the role that broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) naturally plays in the fight against the HIV, scientists are working to develop bnAbs -induced vaccines to prevent HIV infection. Electrochemical sensors along with nanomaterial’s have been tested for faster detection of the HIV in the body. Among these s ensors, electrochemically reduced graphene oxide (ERGO), glassy carbon modified with polyaniline/graphene (PAN/GN/GCE), and GCE modified with amino- reduced graphene oxide (NH2)- rGO and β –cyclodextrin (β-CD) (NH2-rGO/ β-CD/ GCE) are listed in this review. Today, antiretroviral therapy (ART) and highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) are used to treat the HIV, which are not able to completely cure the HIV infection. The main problem with the complete elimination of the HIV is the presence of the HIV latent reservoirs in the body. To this end, several strategies have been used to completely destroy these reservoirs, including "shock and kill" therapy approach, immunotherapy, and gene therapy. Keywords: HIV vaccine; ERGO; PAN/GN/GCE; NH2-rGO/ β-CD/ GCE; Shock and kill; Immunotherapy; Gene therapy 1 Introduction Recently, more than 37 million people are living with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) all around the world [1] and the number of the patients is increasing every day, so prevention HIV infection is the best solution to fight this global infection and the best prevention strategy is to preparative an effective vaccine for this virus [2]. To date, however, no successful vaccine has been developed for HIV [3]. The next step is to diagnose the HIV infection in the acute stage. Early detection of the HIV infection can further limit the spread of the virus and the development of the latent HIV reservoirs. Also, in the acute stage, due to the high viral load, the probability of transmission the virus to the others is high.[4] To date, several techniques have been used to detect HIV infection, but all these methods have only examined the presence of HIV antibodies [5] that are produced by the immune system against the HIV and cannot detect the virus particle and its genetics [6-18]. Also, so far, no efficient cure has been found for the HIV infection; in the absence of effective treatment, the HIV infection can lead to death in a period between 5-10 years because the HIV weakens the immune system by attacking CD4+ T lymphocytes and destroying these cells. ART or HAART are currently used to treat HIV infection, but these treatments are not able to completely eradicate HIV infection from the body [7]. Therefore, due to the failure to prevent HIV, the failure to detect the virus in a timely manner and the complete cleansing of the HIV from the body, new approaches are needed to fight with this global virus. Advances in nanoscience show a bright future for disease prevention, diagnosis and treatment. In this study we have mentioned several nanomaterials such as graphene and its derivatives have been investigated in this field. 2 Vaccines Vaccines are mainly based on inducing a protective antibody response[8], but these types of vaccines are not effective for viruses such as HIV and influenza due to the changes in their surface antigens [9]. The following are examples of the vaccines that have been developed for HIV so far: In the 1990, the Env glycoprotein vaccine was introduced, but studies have shown that the lack of the immunity to the heterologous challenges is a major problem for these vaccines [8]. Another vaccine designed in this field was RV144. According to the clinical trials, the RV144 is the only effective vaccine to date [10] that has reduced the risk of the HIV-1 infection by 31/2% among volunteers [11]. The vaccine tested in the RV 144 trial in Thailand included one main dose and two booster doses [2]. In the prime-boost vaccination, the Rv144 vaccine was a combination of 4 injections of ALVAC (vCP1521) and 2 injections of AIDSVAX B/E that in this prime –boost activates the response of the both humoral and cellular immune systems. ALVAC (vCP1521) is a viral vector containing the engineered form of three HIV genes (gag, env and pol) and AIDSVAX B/E is an engineered form of one of the HIV surface protein called gap120 [10]. Remarkable point in this trial, despite its low effectiveness in reducing the risk of the HIV infection, was the lack of the development of the neutralizing antibodies and response of the cytotoxic CD8+ T cells [12]. Another strategy for getting a HIV vaccine is that antibody genes can be genetically Corresponding author: Negar Javanmardi, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology. Nanjing, 210094, China Email: Javanmardi_negar@yahoo.com