Copyright © 2025, IGI Global Scientific Publishing. Copying or distributing in print or electronic forms without written permission of IGI Global Scientific Publishing is prohibited. 1 Chapter 1 Challenges of Criminal Liability for Artificial Intelligence Systems Ramy El-Kady https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2208-7576 Police Academy, Egypt ABSTRACT The idea of artificial intelligence first surfaced at the turn of the 20th century, with the goal of enabling machines to carry out tasks that resemble those performed by humans. Since then, a number of theories have been proposed regarding the extent to which mistakes made by artificial intelligence entities and systems may be held accountable, particularly in the area of criminal law. This chapter seeks to clarify this matter by discussing the legal obstacles that surround the question of criminal responsibility for artificial intelligence's actions. It also offers concepts, justifica- tions, and factors that tackle this problem by using a comparative analytical and descriptive methodology. The chapter concluded with a proposal for international cooperation to develop a legal and ethical framework for the worldwide use of ar- tificial intelligence. Given the anticipated widespread use of this technology in the future, governments could use this framework as a reference. INTRODUCTION With the dawn of artificial intelligence, society is on the cusp of a digital revo- lution that is expected to change the face of human life significantly. The world is on the brink of a new era, the fourth industrial revolution and digital transformation (Ghaitas, 2017). The term “Fourth Industrial Revolution” was coined at the World DOI: 10.4018/979-8-3693-7205-0.ch001