Building Human-Centric Smart Cities: Lessons from Collaborative Efforts for Inclusivity and Sustainability in Thailand Atsushi Koresawa 1 , Pechladda Pechpakdee 2 , Tama Duangnamol 3 1 Former JICA’s Adviser to Department of Local Administration, Ministry of Interior, Bangkok, Thailand (Former UN-Habitat Regional Representative for Asia and the Pacific) 2 Faculty of Architecture, Urban Design, and Creative Arts, Maha Sarakham University, Maha Sarakham, Thailand 3 College of Arts, Media and Technology, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand Abstract This research originates from a two-year collaborative initiative titled Local Development Plan and Building Partnerships for Sustainable Cities, led by Thailand’s Department of Local Administration (DLA) of the Ministry of Interior and the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA). A wide range of stakeholders participated in this initiative, including the DLA, the JICA, the Digital Economy Promotion Agency (depa) under the Ministry of Digital Economy and Society, Provincial and Local Administrative Organizations, the public private enterprises, and academic and research institutions. Through international workshops, field surveys, and expert group discussions, the collaboration culminated in the creation of the Policy Guidelines for Inclusive and Sustainable Smart Cities, specifically designed to address Thailand’s urban challenges. These guidelines, now disseminated nationwide, emphasize a human-centric approach that prioritizes inclusivity, resilience, and sustainability while addressing key issues such as rapid urbanization, socio-economic disparities, infrastructure gaps, and the growing impacts of climate change. The guidelines, along with the accompanying recommendations and follow-up actions, provide a framework for adapting global smart city models to Thailand's unique context, focusing on integrated planning, community engagement, and equitable growth. This paper delves into the collaborative process behind the development of these guidelines, offering an in-depth analysis of the methodologies, background, and key insights gained. It also outlines a roadmap for the implementation of human-centric smart city initiatives, applicable not only to Thailand but also adaptable for other developing nations facing similar socio-economic, environmental, and infrastructural challenges. Keywords: Smart City, Human-Centric, Inclusivity and sustainability, Thailand, Developing countries 1. Introduction In recent years, the concept of smart cities has gained significant global prominence as governments and organizations increasingly recognize the potential of advanced technologies to address urban challenges and enhance the quality of life for residents. Typically, smart city initiatives focus on digital transformation, improving public service delivery, and promoting environmental sustainability. These initiatives often rely on emerging technologies, such as artificial intelligence (AI), big data analytics and the Internet of Things (IoT), while also addressing critical concerns related to data privacy, security, and citizen participation in decision-making processes. However, when smart city models designed for advanced economies are applied to developing countries, careful adaptation is crucial. Developing nations face distinct socio-economic, environmental, and governance challenges that require solutions beyond purely technology-driven approaches. Rapid urbanization in these regions has resulted in sprawling cities with significant infrastructure deficits, deepening socio-economic inequalities, and increased vulnerability to climate change. Consequently, smart city models that are heavily centered on technology, if transferred without modification, may fail to address the unique needs of these countries. While decentralization has gradually empowered local governments in developing countries, administrative