Academic Editor: Andrea G.
Capodaglio
Received: 21 August 2024
Revised: 7 November 2024
Accepted: 19 November 2024
Published: 4 January 2025
Citation: Palanca, A.G.; Chao, C.L.V.;
Yap, K.J.R.; de Leon, R.L. Bridging the
Gap: Public Perception and
Acceptance of Hydrogen Technology
in the Philippines. Sustainability 2025,
17, 324. https://doi.org/10.3390/
su17010324
Copyright: © 2025 by the authors.
Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
This article is an open access article
distributed under the terms and
conditions of the Creative Commons
Attribution (CC BY) license
(https://creativecommons.org/
licenses/by/4.0/).
Article
Bridging the Gap: Public Perception and Acceptance of
Hydrogen Technology in the Philippines
Alvin Garcia Palanca
1,
*, Cherry Lyn V. Chao
1
, Kristian July R. Yap
2
and Rizalinda L. de Leon
2
1
Energy Engineering Program, College of Engineering, University of the Philippines Diliman,
Quezon City 1101, Philippines; cvchao@up.edu.ph
2
Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of the Philippines Diliman,
Quezon City 1101, Philippines; kryap@up.edu.ph (K.J.R.Y.); rldeleon@up.edu.ph (R.L.d.L.)
* Correspondence: agpalanca@up.edu.ph
Abstract: This study examines the effects of transitioning to hydrogen production in the
National Capital Region (NCR) and Palawan Province, Philippines, focusing on technology,
environment, and stakeholder impact. This research, conducted through a July 2022 survey,
aimed to assess public awareness, knowledge, risk perception, and acceptance of hydro-
gen and its environmentally friendly variant, green hydrogen, infrastructure. Disparities
were found between urban NCR and rural Palawan, with lower awareness in Palawan.
Safety concerns were highlighted, with NCR respondents generally considering hydrogen
production safe, while Palawan respondents had mixed feelings, particularly regarding
nuclear-based hydrogen generation. This report emphasizes the potential ecological ad-
vantages of hydrogen technology but highlights potential issues concerning water usage
and land impacts. It suggests targeted public awareness campaigns, robust safety assur-
ance programs, regional pilot projects, and integrated environmental plans to facilitate the
seamless integration of hydrogen technology into the Philippines’ energy portfolio. This
collective effort aims to help the country meet climate action obligations, foster sustainable
development, and enhance energy resilience.
Keywords: perception; green hydrogen; sustainable energy; energy; urban environment
and sustainability; sustainability; survey; decarbonization; energy policy; hydrogen
1. Introduction
1.1. Background of This Study
The Philippines committed in 2015 to the 2016 Paris agreement to meet its pledge by
implementing the national climate action plan by integrating climate change into national
and local development plans for sustainable electricity production in the country [1].
Renewable energy (RE) resources, such as solar and wind, need to expand their penetration
into the country’s national energy mix to attain its commitment to the 1.5 Paris agreement.
This study examines grid-scale hydrogen storage, which presents a promising solution for
addressing the intermittency of renewable energy sources like solar and wind. By offering
large-scale, long-duration storage capacity, grid-scale hydrogen systems can help stabilize
the energy grid, ensure a continuous energy supply, and improve energy resilience in
the Philippines. However, solar and wind energy technology’s intermittent output and
mismatched peak production with peak demand pose a significant challenge for existing
island grid integrations, resulting in grid instability and the curtailment of electricity
supplies to its end users [2]. The high generation cost of electricity during a peak-demand
period is another fundamental concern in the electricity market. The price of electricity at
Sustainability 2025, 17, 324 https://doi.org/10.3390/su17010324