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Mod Care J. 2024 April; 21(2):e138372.
Published online 2023 November 10.
https://doi.org/10.5812/mcj-138372.
Research Article
Determining the Beliefs, use Levels, and Attitudes of Individuals
Diagnosed with COVID-19 Concerning Complementary and Alternative
Medicine Methods
Melike Demir Do ˘ gan
1, *
and Bahar Aksoy
2
1
Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, G¨ um¨ us ¸hane University, G¨ um¨ us ¸hane, Turkey
2
Child Health Nursing Department, Kumluca Faculty of Health Sciences, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey
*
Corresponding author: Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, G¨ um¨ us ¸hane University, G¨ um¨ us ¸hane, Turkey. Email: melekdm@gmail.com
Received 2023 June 20; Revised 2023 September 30; Accepted 2023 October 02.
Abstract
Objectives: This study was conducted to determine the beliefs, use levels, and attitudes of individuals diagnosed with COVID-19
(coronavirus disease 2019) concerning complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) methods.
Methods: Snowball sampling was employed in this descriptive and cross-sectional study. The sample consisted of 694 people living
in Turkey who had COVID-19 and agreed to voluntarily participate. The data were collected with the introductory information form
and the Holistic Complementary and Alternative Medicine Questionnaire (HCAMQ). The data were analyzed using descriptive and
inferential statistics in SPSS v. 26.
Results: In the study, 62.8% of the participants stated that they used CAM after being diagnosed with COVID-19; 85.5% of the
participants stated that they used CAM for coughing, 84.2% to relieve breathing, 79.6% for shortness of breath, and 73.6% for
strengthening immunity. Women had a more positive attitude towards CAM when compared to men. As the income level elevated,
the attitude towards holistic health became more positive.
Conclusions: The individuals employed various herbal approaches after they had been diagnosed with COVID-19, and women had
a more positive attitude towards CAM than men did.
Keywords: Integrative Medicine, COVID-19, Symptom Management, Attitudes
1. Background
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic
caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome
coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) emerged in Wuhan, China, in
December 2019 and spread rapidly all over the world (1, 2).
Pneumonia and death may develop in cases that progress
with different symptoms such as high fever, shortness of
breath, cough, sore throat, nasal obstruction, muscle pain,
fatigue, weakness, shivering, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea,
and loss of taste and smell due to COVID-19 (1-4).
The lack of a definitive antiviral treatment for COVID-19
has made people anxious and has encouraged them to
perform protective behaviors (5, 6). People tend to resort
to complementary and alternative treatment (CAM) to
reduce the possibility of being infected, strengthen their
immunity, alleviate the progression of infection, and
better manage the current situation (5-7).
A study determined that traditional Chinese medicine
was effective in alleviating the clinical symptoms
of COVID-19 patients, reducing their mortality, and
decreasing the rate of relapse (8). Another study stated
that herbal treatment methods could prevent COVID-19
and reduce the severity of the disease (9, 10). Similarly,
citrus fruits such as lemons and oranges have been
reported to play a promising role in the prophylaxis and
treatment of COVID-19 (11). It has been stated that lemon
also strengthens immunity and helps relieve respiratory
symptoms (12, 13). It was reported that polyphenolic
compounds found in thyme, dogwood, rosemary, sage,
mint, basil, apple peel, black tea, asparagus, buckwheat,
onion, green tea, fig, grapefruit, lemon, lime, apple,
strawberry, mulberry, and most citrus fruits played a role
as an antiviral agent, especially against respiratory tract
infections, in the treatment of COVID-19 (14). Including
Chinese herbal medicine in standard medical therapy
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