Diffusion-Based Molecular Communication in Next Generation Networks Yusra Banday Department of Electrical Engineering Indian Institute of Technology, Jammu 181121, India Corresponding Author Email: mail to:yusrabanday23@gmail.com https://doi.org/10.18280/ama_b.651-402 ABSTRACT Received: 14 September 2022 Accepted: 5 November 2022 With the advancement of bioengineering and nano-technology, next-generation network architecture is being equipped with nano-devices to improve its scalability. Inspired by naturally existing biological phenomena of communication, molecular communication-based nano-networks are designed on the same principles. In existing communication systems, information is transmitted by electromagnetic or electrical signals. However, these methods of communication are inconvenient for many applications where the ratio of antenna size to the wavelength of a signal is a constraint. In such scenarios, a molecular communication scheme can be employed to solve such issues. Here chemical signals act as information carriers. These signals are biocompatible and can be used in body area networks (BANs). In this paper, a nano- network in which communication through diffusion takes place is simulated and evaluated for various signal metrics (delay, distortion, bit rate). The concentration of molecules in pheromone signaling communication can be used as a channel transfer function in the respective molecular communication model used in nano-devices. A stochastic Single-Input-Single-Output (SISO) communication system is simulated for purpose of analysis. Keywords: molecular communication, 5G, stochastic model, SISO 1. INTRODUCTION Traditional electromagnetic waves cannot be used for intra- body sensor communication in Body Area Networks (BANS). The main reason behind this fact is that classical Radio Frequency (RF) and electromagnetic signals are non- biocompatible for use inside the body because of their high energy consumption and electromagnetic interference [1]. To overcome this issue, one possible solution is the use of chemical signals instead of RF. Chemical signaling plays a vital role to connect the life processes of both humans and microorganisms. These signals are used to communicate and transmit information from sender to receiver cells. Here also, a communication system is similar to the one used for the propagation of information in form of analog and digital signals in the RF domain. The transmitter releases small molecules in coded form as communication carriers in a channel which is usually in gaseous or liquid form. These coded molecules propagate through a medium (channel) and reach the receiver. A receiver decodes these molecules and extracts information from them. This form of communication aided by molecules as information carriers is called Molecular Communication. Based on the mode of propagation there are three types of molecular communication viz; diffusion-based, walkway-based, and flow-based [2]. In this work, we consider an environment where molecules propagate through a process of diffusion. Diffusion is a process of flow of molecules from the area of their higher concentration to the lower concentration. Transmitters and receivers used here are nano-machines created artificially and biologically. These are designed to emit and capture molecules. Information-carrying molecules are hormones or neurotransmitters. Information molecules are in the form of ions, proteins, or DNA. It makes communication possible between nano-machines with the help of nano-sized particles. Molecular communication mimics nature where communication is usually done through molecules and chemical signals. Inter-cellular and intra-cellular communication is done through neurotransmitters, and vesicle transport at micro and nano-scales respectively [3]. These key features not only make molecular communications biocompatible but also result in low consumption of energy required for the generation and propagation of chemical signals. Owing to the use of biological properties of cells and molecules, it facilitates communication in an aqueous medium. The traditional communication techniques lack this feature [4] and hence cannot be used for intra-organ communication within the body. This work is motivated by the fact that conventional radio frequency technologies are incompatible with applications in body area networks (BANs). Thus DMC emerges as a compatible system in body environments. Nano-technology allows nanomachines to provide an interface between electronic and biological systems. To address the increase in the number of heart diseases, usually, a pacemaker is considered to be a possible solution. To ensure improved performance over lead-based pacemakers, a study is carried out on leadless pacemakers. Therefore, intra-body nanonetworks are envisaged to be combined with DMC and implemented in the human body. The communication of these nanomachines is still a challenging phenomenon. In this work, we have investigated and analyzed the functioning and performance of leadless pacemakers in DMC. In this paper, we have analyzed and envisioned the use and performance of nano-devices within the human body. The mortality rate due to cardiac failures is increasing day by day. Advances in Modelling and Analysis B Vol. 65, No. 1-4, December, 2022, pp. 9-14 Journal homepage: http://iieta.org/journals/ama_b 9