2024 © Uva Clinical Anaesthesia and Intensive Care ISSN 2827-7198 / Respiratory Medicine / Pediatric Pneumonia 2024 © Uva Clinical Anaesthesia and Intensive Care ISSN 2827-7198 / Respiratory Medicine / Pediatric Pneumonia 2024 © Uva Clinical Anaesthesia and Intensive Care ISSN 2827-7198 / Pediatric Pneumonia 1 Advances in Pediatric Pneumonia Care: A Indunil Karunarathna 1 , S Gunathilake 1 , Kapila DeAlvis 1 , K Gunawardana 1 , S Rajapaksha 1 , A Warnakulasooriya 1 , P Athulgama 1 , Sanjeewa Dius 1 , R Ranwala 1 , Sau Bandara 1 , Sanjaya Godage 1 , PN Rodrigo 1 , Asoka Jayawardana 1 , U Vidanagama 1 , C Fernando 1 , U Ekanayake 1 , T Hapuarachchi1, P Gunasena 1 , P Aluthge 1 , N Perera 1 , 1. Ministry of Health / Teaching Hospital Badulla / University of Colombo. 2024 © Uva Clinical Anaesthesia and Intensive Care ISSN 2827-7198 / Respiratory Medicine / Pediatric Pneumonia Abstract: Pediatric pneumonia remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, particularly in children under five years old in low-resource settings. Despite advances in vaccination and healthcare, the disease poses significant challenges, including high healthcare costs, complications, and diagnostic uncertainties. This review explores the etiology, pathophysiology, clinical presentation, and differential diagnosis of pediatric pneumonia. It highlights current strategies for evaluation, management, and prevention, emphasizing the role of interprofessional collaboration in optimizing outcomes. The text also discusses complications and the global burden of pediatric pneumonia, offering insights into improving care through preventive measures and education. Keywords: Pediatric pneumonia, childhood respiratory infections, bacterial pneumonia, viral pneumonia, differential diagnosis, interprofessional care, vaccination, pneumonia complications, global health. Key Points: Global Burden: Pediatric pneumonia is a major global health concern, causing 120 million cases and over a million deaths annually, predominantly in children under five. Etiology: Causes vary by age and include viral pathogens in young children and bacterial pathogens in older children. Diagnosis: Clinical diagnosis integrates history, physical examination, and selective use of laboratory and imaging studies. Management: Treatment focuses on pathogen-directed therapy, supportive care, and managing complications; vaccination plays a crucial preventive role. Interprofessional Approach: Collaboration among healthcare professionals is essential to improving outcomes and minimizing mortality and morbidity. Introduction Globally, pneumonia remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in children under 5 years of age.[1] While the majority of deaths occur in the developing world, the burden of disease and associated healthcare costs are also significant in developed countries.[2] This activity examines the etiology, pathophysiology, clinical presentation, and management of pediatric pneumonia, emphasizing the importance of interprofessional collaboration in care delivery. Pneumonia remains one of the most significant health challenges affecting children under the age of 5 worldwide. It is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in this vulnerable age group, accounting for a considerable proportion of pediatric deaths annually. The global burden of pneumonia is disproportionately distributed, with the majority of cases and fatalities occurring in low- and middle-income countries where access to healthcare services, immunizations, and adequate nutrition is limited. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), pneumonia is responsible for approximately 15% of all deaths in children under five years old, with an estimated 800,000 fatalities annually. These staggering statistics underscore the critical need for targeted interventions to combat this preventable and treatable condition. In developing countries, several socioeconomic and environmental factors exacerbate the risk of pneumonia. Malnutrition, lack of access to clean water, poor sanitation, indoor air pollution, and limited access to