Predictors of long-term change in adult cognitive performance: systematic review and data from the Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1966 Predictors of change in cognitive ability Irina Rannikko a*,b* , Erika Jääskeläinen b,c , Jouko Miettunen b,c , Anthony O. Ahmed d , Juha Veijola a,b,e , Anne M Remes f , Graham K Murray g,h , Anja P. Husa a,b,e , Marjo-Riitta Järvelin c,i,j,k,l , Matti Isohanni a,e , Marianne Haapea b,c,e,m a Center for Clinical Neurosciences, Department of Psychiatry, P.O. Box 5000, 90014 University of Oulu, Finland b Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu , Oulu, Finland c Center for Life Course Health Research, P.O.BOX 5000, FIN-90014 University of Oulu, Finland. d Department of Psychiatry, Weill Cornell Medical College, 21 Bloomingdale Road, White Plains, NY 10605 USA e Oulu University Hospital, Department of Psychiatry, P.O. Box 26, FIN-90029, OYS, Finland f Institute of Clinical Medicine - Neurology, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland; Department of Neurology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland g University of Cambridge, Department of Psychiatry, Box 189 Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ United Kingdom. h University of Cambridge, Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Herchel Smith Building, Forvie Site, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0SZ, UK i Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MRC Health Protection Agency (HPA) Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, UK j Biocenter Oulu, P.O.Box 5000, Aapistie 5A, FI-90014 University of Oulu, Finland