Pediatric Anesthesia. 2024;00:1–4. wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/pan | 1 © 2024 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
It is not the strongest of the species that survive, nor the
most intelligent, but the one most responsive to change.
—Charles Darwin
1 | INTRODUCTION
Anxiety in the pediatric population world-wide manifests as uncon-
trollable worry, fear, panic, and hyperarousal. Anxiety is an overesti-
mation of risk, and an underestimation of inner resources to resolve or
cope. Pooled estimates in 2020 indicate that one in five youth globally
were experiencing increased anxiety symptoms, which is double that
of the pre-pandemic period.
1
Children admitted electively or urgently
to hospital are also often in a heightened state of awareness, arousal
and anxiety. Managing hospital-induced anxiety is clearly of relevance
to patients and their families, as reducing fear and anxiety is rated the
number three top consumer research priority in pediatric anesthesia,
second to safety and more effective communication.
2
Hypnotic techniques are becoming integrated in many areas of
pediatric care. They are not, as yet, well established in pediatric anes-
thesia and pain management, but do provide a very valuable adjuvant
to standard care. Original evidence is needed to promote its wide-
spread use. In this volume, the research article “Avoiding pain during
propofol injection in paediatric anaesthesia: hypnoanalgesia of the
hand versus intravenous lidocaine” by Polomeni et al., we commend
the authors on highlighting hypnosis research applied to pediatric an-
esthesia, and on their large sample size and positive findings.
1.1 | Hypnosis as therapy
Therapeutic hypnosis can be defined as “a state of focused attention,
reduced peripheral awareness, dissociation, and increased response
to suggestions.”
3
It is an established non-pharmacological technique
with the power to reduce anxiety and improve a youth's confidence,
competence, and connection. Hypnosis can modify the perception
of threat, transforming verbal messages into internal visual and audi-
tory images with the activation of the occipital and temporal brain
areas.
4
The self-control is achieved with hypnosis in hospital, using
internal coping resources, provides patients with valuable life skills
that extend far beyond the acute care setting.
Research on the neural correlates of hypnotic phenomena in-
dicate dynamic brain activity changes affecting key neural brain
networks; for example, the central executive network, salience net-
work, and the default network.
5,6
The central executive network
(the posterior parietal cortex and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex) is
Received: 10 May 2024
|
Accepted: 16 May 2024
DOI: 10.1111/pan.14942
PERSPECTIVE
Innovative change not as yet fully integrated in pediatric
anesthesia
Gillian Lauder
1
| Leora Kuttner
2
1
BC Children's Hospital, Vancouver, British
Columbia, Canada
2
Department of Pediatrics, The University
of British Columbia, Vancouver, British
Columbia, Canada
Correspondence
Gillian Lauder, BC Children's Hospital,
Vancouver V6H 3V4, Canada.
Email: glauder@cw.bc.ca
Section Editor: Thomas Engelhardt
Abstract
Pediatric hypnosis is an extremely valuable adjuvant therapeutic tool to reduce pain
and ameliorate anxiety in children undergoing procedures and pediatric anesthesia.
This perspective summarises; why Integrating hypnosis into practice has this poten-
tial, some techniques that are particularly useful in this setting, the training oppurtu-
nities to learn more, and recommendations for future pediatric anesthesia hypnotic
research. There is definite capacity for change by Integrating hypnosis into our
practice. Not only will this ensure more capable, confident children who present for
peri-operative care but also reduce costs and the environmental impact of the phar-
maceutical agents we currently employ for sedation and anxiolysis.
KEYWORDS
age; adolescent, age; child, pain; miscellaneous