A Knowledge Graph based Survey on Distributed Ledger Technology for IoT Verticals RONGXIN XU, Antai College of Economics and Management, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, China QIUJUN LAN, Business School, Hunan University, China SHIVA RAJ POKHREL ∗ , School of IT, Deakin University, Australia GANG LI, Centre for Cyber Security Research and Innovation, Deakin University, Australia The Internet of Things (IoT) and Distributed ledger technology (DLT) have signiicantly changed our daily lives. Due to their distributed operational environment and naturally decentralized applications, the convergence of these two technologies indicates a more lavish arrangement for the future. This article develops a comprehensive survey to investigate and illustrate state-of-the-art DLT for various IoT use cases, from smart homes to autonomous vehicles and smart cities. We develop a novel framework for conducting a systematic and comprehensive review of DLT over IoT by extending the knowledge graph approach. With relevant insights from this review, we extract innovative and pragmatic techniques to DLT design that enable high-performance, sustainable, and highly scalable IoT systems. Our indings support designing an end-to-end IoT-native DLT architecture for the future that fully coordinates network-assisted functionalities. CCS Concepts: · General and reference → Surveys and overviews; · Security and privacy → Security services; · Computer systems organization → n-tier architectures. Additional Key Words and Phrases: Distributed Ledger, Internet of Things, Blockchain 1 INTRODUCTION With the rapid advances of the ifth-generation (5G) and beyond wireless communication technology, Internet of Things (IoT) has evolved from an early concept [8] to a reality [146]. IoT has the potential to revolutionize numerous industries, ranging from smart homes and transportation to healthcare and supply chain management. However, the proliferation of IoT devices has also given rise to new security, privacy, and data management challenges. To address these issues, advances in distributed ledger technologies (DLT) [113] are the potential enablers. It is well-known that DLTs have brought a range of beneits, which are not only the solutions to existing IoT problems, but highly likely to beneit emerging issues of future IoT applications. As the IoT systems are distributed by nature [50], it is expected that DLT, such as blockchain, could play a vital role in orchestrating how the things, devices and machines collaborate in a decentralized fashion [102]. In this context, DLTs are being developed for applications and devices involving transactions and interac- tions [77]. DLTs have the potential to improve the transactions and interactions among IoT devices. Moreover, ∗ Corresponding Author Authors’ addresses: Rongxin Xu, Antai College of Economics and Management, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China, rongxinx@acm.org; Qiujun Lan, Business School, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China, lanqiujun@hnu.edu.cn; Shiva Raj Pokhrel, School of IT, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC 3216, Australia, shiva.pokhrel@deakin.edu.au; Gang Li, Centre for Cyber Security Research and Innovation, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC 3216, Australia, gang.li@deakin.edu.au. Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for proit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the irst page. Copyrights for components of this work owned by others than the author(s) must be honored. Abstracting with credit is permitted. To copy otherwise, or republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior speciic permission and/or a fee. Request permissions from permissions@acm.org. © 2023 Copyright held by the owner/author(s). Publication rights licensed to ACM. 0360-0300/2023/7-ART $15.00 https://doi.org/10.1145/3609503 ACM Comput. Surv.