1 Modified free energy generation using permanent Neodymium Magnet based on Bedini with Maxwell and Lorenz gauge conditions Sahar Rahim 1,* , Haseeb Ahmed 1 , Sohail Ahmad 2 1 Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, COMSATS University Islamabad, Wah Cantt, Pakistan 2 Department of Electronic and Telecommunication, Stroke-on-Trenk, The United Kingdom Abstract ─ An efficient, reliable, and real-time electricity generator is proposed by keeping in view the constraints, related to the electricity generation cost, resource reservoirs, greenhouse gas emission, energy storage, and power demand for a pre-defined residential area. Paramount importance is given to the rotor's design; coupled with movable neodymium magnets to increase the harvester's life span and system's net revenue. For the amplification in the stator output, a cost-effective approach is adopted that is based on the parallel winding of the bifilar coil. Furthermore, the coefficient of performance factor for the Bedini's smart school girl circuit based electricity harvester is modified by aiding the concepts of radiant energy incorporated with the electromagnetic phenomenon. Moreover, the mathematical model is formulated by the Maxwell equations using the Lorenz gauge condition to capture free vacuum energy from the environment. For the investigation, analysis, and corroboration of the proposed design, results are reported after performing extensive numerical computations and a comprehensive comparison between the original and modified design is stated in detail. Index Terms ─ Bedini motor, Coefficient of Performance, Carbon offprint, Maxwell equations, Lorenz gauge conditions, Lenz’s law drag effect. I. INTRODUCTION Fossil fuel depletion, global warming, and economic growth are the prominent reasons that drive the traditional electric power systems towards the smart power grid with the optimal integration of renewable energy resources and information communication technology (ICT). Over time, the demand for electricity is expected to be amplified with a triple rate as today. To boost the economy of any country, it is very challenging to cope with such a high demand for electrical energy by just relying on the power grid's old infrastructure [1]. Up till now, non-renewable resources (coal, natural gas, and petrol) are vastly utilized in many countries due to their ease of availability, and low purchasing price for the generation of electrical energy that leads to the diminishing of such resources and also expands the carbon footprint problems. With the advancement in technology, there is a need to save electrical energy and find new methods to consume it in a more efficient manner. Many researchers and scientists have done a lot of research and inventions that highly influenced the electricity tariff rates and reliability factor, created due to high energy losses during power transmission system For the sake of decentralized generation (DG) system, the optimal integration of renewable energy resources (RES) such as photovoltaic (PV) panels, wind turbines, and biogas plants emerge as a global trend to deal with the issues of greenhouse gas (GHG) emission aimed to preserve the non-renewable energy resources [1]. However, due to their volatile and intermittent nature, high integration of the traditional power grid with RES needs a lot of flexibility in the present power network and requires great efforts to achieve maximum efficiency of the grid. For the implementation of the decentralized power system, Microgrid (MG) is one of the originating ideas; a small electrical network that comprises of local power generation sectors with battery energy storage system (BESS) and flexible consumption schemes, works in plug and plays mode with the smart grid (SG), and provides resilience, security, and mitigation of grid disturbances in case of fault [2]. Although, it is a great, environment-friendly, and reliable backup for the electrical power system, yet synchronization with the main power grid is a difficult task that requires large space and maintenance for the storage purpose. With the evolution in the power generation sector, a lot of research and innovations have been done up till now. Many engineers toiled on the energy harvesters for the small-scaled electricity production to fulfill their needs without utilizing conventional resources to minimize energy consumption cost. One of the electricity generator's types, produce electrical energy without utilizing any external aid that results in zero running cost. Numerous research articles have been published in order to develop a compact and flawless solution to deal with the challenges in the power generation sector. solution to deal with the challenges in the power generation sector. One of the renowned scientists, Nikola Tesla had first proposed the concept of radiant energy and invented many free energy devices by implementing his unique ideas. By following Tesla's concept, the Bedini generator (another type of electric generators) is invented to generate electrical energy from the kinetic energy. In 2001, John Bedini was the first scientist; proposed https://doi.org/10.32388/OS9V96