Original Research Article Depression and related risk factors among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, Jazan area, KSA: A cross-sectional study Osama B. Albasheer a , Mohammed S. Mahfouz a, *, Yahia Solan b , Duaa A. Khan c , Mohammed A. Muqri d , Haneen A. Almutairi e , Ali M. Alelyani f , Hussain A. Alahmed g a Department of Family and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia b Diabetes Center, Jazan Health Affairs, Gizan, Saudi Arabia c Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, d Family medicine, Armed Forces Hospital, Jazan, Saudi Arabia, e Batterjee Medical Collages, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, f Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al-qura University, Makah, Saudi Arabia, g Al Jafer Hospital, Al Hasa, Saudi Arabia A R T I C L E I N F O Article history: Available online xxx Keywords: Type 2 diabetes mellitus Depression Patient health questionnaire (PHQ-9) Quality of life A B S T R A C T Purpose: To determine the prevalence of depression and related risk factors among type 2 diabetes mellitus patients (T2DM) in Jazan area, Saudi Arabia. Method: A cross sectional, self-administered questionnaire study was conducted among T2DM patients in Jazan area, Saudi Arabia. A total of 385 patients were selected at randomly. The Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) was utilized to measure symptoms and signs of depression. Results: The overall prevalence of depression among T2DM patients was 37.6%. Of them, 24.2% were mildly depressed, 9.6% were moderately severely depressed, and 4.2% were severely depression. Significant predictors of depression include the presence of diabetic foot (P = 0.000), cardio-vascular diseases (P = 0.000), eye complication (P = 0.073), and erectile dysfunction (P = 0.090). The prevalence of depression was not significantly associated with the age (P = 0.375) and gender (P = 0.374). Similarly no association was found with duration of diabetes (P = 0.475) and HbA1c (P = 0.555). Conclusion: The study revealed that diabetes complications are strong predictors of the rate of depression among T2DM patients. Therefore, early depression screening is needed to improve the quality of life of diabetic patients. © 2017 Diabetes India. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. 1. Introduction Depression is a common mental health disorder affecting more than 300 million people around the globe [1,2]. Depressive disorders are more prevalent among women than in men and it is estimated that the life time prevalence of depression is 10–20% [1,3]. Symptoms of depression are more prevalent in people with chronic diseases, such as type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), than in the general population [3,4]. Diabetes and depression shared different influences and broad range of determinants. People with T2DM have a more increased risk of developing depression than non-diabetics and people with depression are at more risk of type 2diabetes [5,6]. Sufficient evidence is found in literature that proves depression being a common comorbid in diabetic patients [7,8]. The biological mechanisms by which depression and T2DM are correlated remain unclear [9]. The psychological impacts of diabetes could lead to depression, but still not sufficient to explain the relationship between these two conditions. However, shared biological and behavioral pathways that may simultaneously predispose to both disorders have been proposed [10]. An overall depression prevalence of 27% has been reported on people with T2DM based on 15 studies published before January 2000 [8]. Another study reported an overall prevalence of 46.15% * Corresponding author at: Family and Community Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Jazan University. PO Box 2531, Postal code 45142, Jazan, Saudi Arabia. E-mail addresses: drosama802@gmail.com (O.B. Albasheer), mm.mahfouz@gmail.com (M.S. Mahfouz), dr.solan@gmail.com (Y. Solan), love.moon1213@gmail.com (D.A. Khan), M-mgary@hotmail.com (M.A. Muqri), Hanoon_1986@hotmail.com (H.A. Almutairi), a.m.alelyani@gmail.com (A.M. Alelyani), AlahmedMr_hossan255@hotmail.com (H.A. Alahmed). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsx.2017.09.014 1871-4021/© 2017 Diabetes India. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Diabetes & Metabolic Syndrome: Clinical Research & Reviews xxx (2017) xxx–xxx G Model DSX 876 No. of Pages 5 Please cite this article in press as: O.B. Albasheer, et al., Depression and related risk factors among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, Jazan area, KSA: A cross-sectional study, Diab Met Syndr: Clin Res Rev (2017), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsx.2017.09.014 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Diabetes & Metabolic Syndrome: Clinical Research & Reviews journal homepa ge: www.elsev ier.com/locate/dsx