The true citizens of the city of God: the cult of saints, the Catholic social order, and the urban Reformation in Germany Steven Pfaff Published online: 12 March 2013 # Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht 2013 Abstract Historical scholarship suggests that a robust cult of the saints may have helped some European regions to resist inroads by Protestantism. Based on a neo- Durkheimian theory of rituals and social order, I propose that locally based cults of the saints that included public veneration lowered the odds that Protestantism would displace Catholicism in sixteenth-century German cities. To evaluate this proposition, I first turn to historical and theoretical reflection on the role of the cult of the saints in late medieval history. I then test the hypothesis with a data set of sixteenth-century German cities. Statistical analysis provides additional support for the ritual and social order thesis because even when several important variables identified by materialist accounts of the Reformation in the social scientific literature the presence of shrines as an indicator for the cult of the saints remains large and significant. Although large- scale social change is usually assumed to have politico-economic sources, this analysis suggests that cultural factors may be of equal or greater importance. Keywords Sociology of religion . Shrines . Rituals . Communal integration . Conflict The Reformation was one of history’s great episodes of a religiously-inspired social change. Beginning with Luther ’s public dissent in 1517, Protestant insurgents waged a struggle to “redeem” German cities by reforming them in line with their religious principles. These “Evangelicals”—so called because of their professed inspiration by and commitment to the authority of the Gospels alone (Schilling 1988)—demanded profound changes in liturgy and religious teaching and wanted to remake the civic constitution of society. Not surprisingly, Evangelical agitation sparked veritable “culture wars” between defenders of the Catholic establishment and professed reformers trying to pressure, “reluctant magistrates to dismantle the Catholic religious establishment” (Tracy 1999, p. 241; see also Edwards 1994; Heming 2003). Theor Soc (2013) 42:189–218 DOI 10.1007/s11186-013-9188-x S. Pfaff (*) Department of Sociology, University of Washington, CB 353340, Seattle, WA 98195-3340, USA e-mail: pfaff@u.washington.edu