醇亲王巡阅北洋海防及其军事图绘 周维强 Zhou Weiqiang 内容提要： 中法战争期间，在慈禧太后的运作下，醇亲王奕 以 商办为名取代其兄恭亲王奕䜣成为主政者，史称甲申 易枢。战后，原于德国购置的铁甲舰陆续归国，朝 廷筹议海防，决议统筹海防经费与事务，成立海衙 门，亦由醇亲王总理。光绪十二年（1886 ）四月，醇 亲王奉慈禧太后懿旨巡阅北洋水陆各，从天津出 海，前往旅顺、威海、烟台等地视察海防设施与海 舰队。竣事后，醇亲王辑成《航海吟草》，随行官员 周馥编成《醇亲王巡阅北洋海防日记》，还有广东摄 影师梁时泰和德籍摄影师来歆克两位参与。醇亲王曾 在宫廷中接触众多帝王画作，亦曾总监平定叛乱等战 役的战图。海校阅之后，其麾下画师庆宽也受命绘 制校阅图。这些丰富的图文史料，使人得以窥见北洋 海正式成前的面貌。本文首以校阅前政治背景和 醇亲王的个人生涯切入探悉，其次结合照片史料，对 奉旨巡阅的历程进行考究。其三，庆宽绘制的《巡阅 北洋海防图》和《渤海阅师图册》，是记录这次校阅 最重要的官方绘画，在技法和呈现上与先前的宫廷画 校阅图迥异，创新地融合了西方传入的照相术、工程 制图和舆图绘制技术。本文将对两者构成进行解析， 期能探索此一清季最大的海上校阅活动及其在海防史 与事艺术创作中的意义。 关键词： 奕 海衙门 庆宽 《巡阅北洋海防图》 《渤海阅师图册》 On the Prince Chun’s Inspection of the Beiyang Naval Defense and Its Mili- tary Maps ABSTRACT: During the Sino-French War, under the operation of Empress Dowager Cixi, Prince Chun replaced his brother Prince Gong as the ruler in an event known as the Jia Shen Power Shift. After the war, ironclad war- ships originally purchased from Germany gradually returned to China. The court discussed naval defense strategies and decided to centralize the budget and affairs of naval defense, establishing a naval yamen un- der the supervision of Prince Chun. In April of the twelfth year of Em- peror Guangxu’s reign (1886), Prince Chun, following Empress Dow- ager Cixi’s imperial order, inspected the naval and land forces of the Beiyang Fleet, traveling from Tianjin to ports like Lüshun, Weihai, and Yantai to review the naval defense facilities and fleet. After the inspec- tion, Prince Chun compiled Nautical Verses (Háng Hăi Yín Căo in Chi- nese pinyin), and the accompanying official Zhou Fu compiled Prince Chun’s Diary of Inspecting the Beiyang Naval Defense (Chún Qīn Wáng Xún Yuè Běi Yáng Hăi Fáng Rì Jì in Chinese pinyin). Photogra- phers Liang Shitai from Guangdong and the German photographer Re- isinger also participated. Prince Chun, who had been exposed to numer- ous imperial paintings in the palace and oversaw the military campaigns against the rebellion and other uprisings, commissioned the painter Qing Kuan to create inspection illustrations after reviewing the navy. These rich textual and visual historical materials allow us to glimpse the appearance of the Beiyang Navy before it was formally established. This paper begins by exploring the political background prior to the inspec- tion and Prince Chun’s personal career. Next, it examines the process of the imperial inspection with photographic materials. Lastly, the official paintings ‘Inspection of the Beiyang Naval Defense’ (Xún Yuè Běi Yáng Hăi Fáng Tú in Chinese pinyin) and ‘Review of Troops in the Bohai Sea’ (Bó Hăi Yuè Shī Tú in Chinese pinyin) by Qing Kuan, which significant- ly differ in technique and presentation from previous court paintings of military reviews, innovatively integrate Western photography, engineer- ing drawing, and cartography. This paper analyzes the composition of these works to explore the significance of this grand naval review of the Qing dynasty in the history of naval defense and military art. KEYWORDS: Yixuan, naval yamen, Qing Kuan, ‘Inspection of the Beiyang Naval De- fense’, ‘Review of Troops in the Bohai Sea’