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The Reading Teacher, 62(4), pp. 336–344 © 2008 International Reading Association
DOI:10.1598/RT.62.4.6 ISSN: 0034-0561 print / 1936-2714 online
scientifically based reading research (SBRR). Clearly,
it is SBRR that both defines and confines the curri-
cula in Reading First schools. Touted as the definitive
research on reading instruction, the NRP report still
influences education policy in the United States and
the materials and methods schools adopt.
It is not surprising that the NRP report has generat-
ed spirited and even angry debate among educators
and researchers, ranging from criticism of its meth-
odology to contradictions in the panel’s summary of
its findings to charges of conflicts of interest among
NRP and Reading First panel members (Coles, 2003;
Cunningham, 2001; Garan, 2001; Krashen, 2005; U.S.
Department of Education Office of the Inspector
General, 2006). In the midst of a storm of controversy,
one of the most divisive criticisms of the NRP is the
claim that its findings do not support SSR in schools
(Stahl, 2004). In this article, we will clarify the panel’s
research with the words of the NRP report and those
of its panel members and contributors. We will then
offer suggestions on variations of pure SSR and how
teachers can use them in their classrooms.
On Defining SSR
or Any Instructional Method
It’s tempting to accept research at face value, espe-
cially if it’s labeled as scientific and involves quanti-
tative methods. However, as consumers of research,
teachers must approach all studies with careful
scrutiny rather than unquestioning acceptance. This
is true even with—or, some might suggest, particu-
larly with—research based on a scientific, medical
model that strives to establish firm causal relation-
ships between teaching methods and results. There
are just too many confounding factors that can and
The Benefits of Sustained Silent
Reading: Scientific Research
and Common Sense Converge
Elaine M. Garan, Glenn DeVoogd
A
s reading teachers, we recognize the joy that
comes from getting lost in the pages of a
good book. We fondly recall the books that
inspired and changed us as children and that still in-
fluence us as adults. As teachers, we want to awaken
that love of literacy in our students and invite them to
experience that magic in our classrooms. We want
them to grow into “skilled, passionate, habitual, and
critical readers” (Atwell, 2007). However, confusion
over and misinterpretation of federal research on in-
dependent reading in the United States have caused
some to question this vision of literacy. Teachers and
administrators are now wondering if reading books
in school helps students increase their reading skills,
much less appreciate the value of reading.
There are many misconceptions about the role
Sustained Silent Reading (SSR) should play in read-
ing instruction. Much of the confusion stems from the
research on SSR in the Report of the National Reading
Panel (NRP; National Institute of Child Health and
Human Development [NICHD], 2000). Although it
was published in 2000, the report still has clout. In
fact, Guidance for the Reading First Program requires
five “Effective Components of Reading Instruction”
based on the NRP’s findings (U.S. Department of
Education Office of Elementary and Secondary
Education, 2002, p. 3). The document also cites the
NRP’s research methodology as the gold standard for
Once teachers unravel the facts from
the misinterpretations and opinions,
they will find that Sustained Silent
Reading is not only intuitively appealing
but also is supported by research.