There is no mention of the role of the Mexican Inquisition and the Franciscan Order in causing the Pueblo revolts. The missionaries and their sufferings at the hands of the so-called savages, as depicted in portraits at the College of Propaganda Fide, stand in a historical vacuum. Part 3 is the most coherent and interesting part of the volume. All four articles are firmly centered on the expression of pain, physical and emotional, at Christ’s death. They are also all concerned with the connection between word and art object. Melion’s article analyzes a remarkable devotional object, a manuscript handbook with printed images pasted in. The strong connection between word and image comes to life in this article. The next article (Kilroy-Eubank) takes us back to Mexico and continues the same motif, this time examining the centrality in art and writ- ing of blood mysticism in eighteenth-century convents. Burdette’s study, also focused on Mexico, connects a miraculous statue of Christ with a contemporary manual of spir- itual exercises. The final article (Hunt) connects the statues of the dead Christ in sev- enteenth-century Spain with anatomy and theology. This volume, despite its uniqueness, does suffer from some flaws. The colonial con- text is original, but fails to fulfill the introduction’s promise of providing an indigenous view. All the South American–centered articles are largely consonant with the European studies. Burdick’s article alone attempts an answer, noting the importance of stones in Inca culture. None of these articles provide any picture of the syncretic Christianity of Andean cultures, as revealed by anthropological studies. Perhaps this is a result of the almost exclusive focus on pain in Christian devotion. No other aspect of pain studies is present in this volume, other than the use of anatomy in Hunt’s article. Whether this is due to a dearth of sources or of interest remains unsaid. This question is important. This volume maps a new territory, and the picture it draws is of total assimilation of New Spain into the European culture of pain. Is there no alternative picture? Esther Cohen, Hebrew University of Jerusalem doi:10.1017/rqx.2019.314 To Heaven or to Hell: Bartolomé De Las Casas’s “Confesionario.” David Thomas Orique, ed. and trans. Latin American Originals 13. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 2018. xiv + 128 pp. $24.95. David Thomas Orique’s book is a welcome addition to the burgeoning field of Lascasian studies. Recent scholarship on Las Casas’s works has been characterized by expanding the canon to include lesser-known texts. The volume under review exempli- fies this trend. Orique’s book comprises three chapters and the first complete annotated REVIEWS 1085