Journal of Biosciences and Bioengineering (ISSN 2836-2535) Molecular Pharming Of Recombinant Proteins In Plants. Sheetal Sinha and Ayan Raichaudhuri * Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, New Town, Kolkata 700135, India. Short title: Plants Generating Recombinant Proteins. Corresponding author Ayan Raichaudhuri, Ph.D. , Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Major Arterial Road (South-East), AA II, New Town, Kolkata 700135, India. Phone: 91 9433073732 Email : araichaudhuri@kol.amity.edu Orcid I.D. : https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4046-9060 Received Date : November 17, 2024 Accepted Date : November 18, 2024 Published Date : December 18, 2024 Copyright © 2024 Ayan Raichaudhuri, Ph.D.. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. ABSTRACT Plant molecular farming (PMF) refers to modifying the genetic makeup of plants to obtain transgenic plants which in turn are utilised to get recombinant proteins. Recombinant proteins have gained global alertness. Transgenic plants can be utilised to produce various types of recombinant therapeutics. Plants are appropriate and acceptable hosts since the production cost is much less than transgenic animals, fermentation, or bioreactors. Therapeutic proteins such as antibodies, cytokines, enzymes, hormones, and edible vaccines can be produced by incorporating a foreign gene of a desired nature into a suitable plant. Protein production is massive as various types of proteins like antibodies and many others can be produced in molecular farming using transgenic plants. Commercial materials produced through molecular farming attract a big market. Molecular farming opens the opportunity to manufacture affordable modern medicines for global production. Vaccines produced in this field prevent many dreadful viral infections. Commercial sustainability of molecular farming products, proper target selection, purification, modification in production methods, and incorporation of advanced technology are needed. Spectrophotometry and newer techniques like CRISPR/Cas9 have been included in this area of molecular farming. PMF gained much importance during the COVID-19 viral pandemic producing proteins for diagnostic and preventive purposes for making vaccines etc. Viral proteins virus-like particles (VLP) and viral nanoparticles are widely used in recent fields to produce recombinant proteins. Keywords : Molecular farming, recombinant proteins, non pharmaceutical recombinant proteins, transient expression system. INTRODUCTION Molecular farming Molecular farming is the production of valuable recombinant proteins in transgenic organisms [1]. Transgenic plants are produced by transferring genes from another species into the genome of that plant. Transgenic plants are utilised to express exogenous genes or modify endogenous genes [2]. Genes are responsible for various features expressed in organisms and this is the basis of transgenic technology where external plant genetic features are artificially introduced into the genome of another organism to get desired features. To create a transgenic plant for getting a desired protein, the gene of interest needs to be identified. Such transgenic plants are subjected to molecular farming to produce recombinant proteins., With the advent of new molecular techniques such as CRISPR/Cas9 transgenic plants have unlimited potential. Transgenic plants have increased resistance to various environmental conditions and are more resistant to disease and insects. Herbicide resistance genes generally code for a modified target protein insensitive to the herbicide or for an enzyme that degrades or detoxifies the herbicide in the plant before it can act. From ancient times plants have been used as sources of medicinal compounds. Transgenic plants are essential for molecular farming, and it has enormously extended the era to produce various specific proteins e.g. plasma proteins, and antibodies whose medical benefits are well understood. Application of molecular biology and plant biotechnology revealed that molecular medicines and vaccines can be produced largely in plants also, forming the basis of molecular farming [3]. Recombinant proteins are complex exogenous proteins. These proteins serve as medical diagnostic reagents and play a vital role in human health care as vaccines, drugs, and monoclonal antibodies. This technology has made a powerful impression on agriculture, basic research, and pharmaceutical industries. In recent years usage of plants Review Article 1 www.directivepublications.org