Received June 27, 2019, accepted July 13, 2019, date of publication July 22, 2019, date of current version August 12, 2019. Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/ACCESS.2019.2930368 DATAZERO: DATAcenter With Zero Emission and Robust Management Using Renewable Energy JEAN-MARC PIERSON 1 , (Member, IEEE), GWILHERM BAUDIC 1 , STÉPHANE CAUX 3 , BERK CELIK 2,3 , (Member, IEEE), GEORGES DA COSTA 1 , LÉO GRANGE 1 , MARWA HADDAD 2 , JÉRÔME LECUIVRE 4 , JEAN-MARC NICOD 2 , LAURENT PHILIPPE 2 , VERONIKA REHN-SONIGO 2 , ROBIN ROCHE 2 , (Senior Member, IEEE), GUSTAVO ROSTIROLLA 1,3 , AMAL SAYAH 1 , PATRICIA STOLF 1 , MINH-THUYEN THI 1 , AND CHRISTOPHE VARNIER 2 1 University of Toulouse, Toulouse 3 University, 31062 Toulouse, France 2 Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, UTBM, UFR ST, 25030 Besançon, France 3 LAPLACE, CNRS, INPT, UPS, University of Toulouse, 31062 Toulouse, France 4 EATON SAS, 38330 Montbonnot-Saint-Martin, France Corresponding author: Jean-Marc Pierson (Jean-Marc.Pierson@irit.fr) This work was supported in part by the ANR DATAZERO Project under Grant ANR-15-CE25-0012. ABSTRACT As the need for cloud services has been growing steadily, the size and energy consumption of datacenters have increased significantly over the past years. Due to economic and environmental constraints, energy efficiency in datacenters and greenhouse emissions have become a major concern. Renewable energy is widely seen as a promising solution to supply datacenters using local energy, without greenhouse gas emissions. However, the intermittent power generation resulting from the use of renewable energy imposes a paradigm change in the way energy and computation activities are managed. On the one hand, service placement and scheduling may be used on the IT (information technologies) side to adapt to the available power. On the other hand, the storage units may be used to lessen power generation variations. Existing literature and actual deployment mainly design optimization algorithms including the entire system (from cloud service to electrical management, the latter often being neglected or simplified). Conversely to these approaches, we propose a solution where each side optimizes its own objectives, both interacting through a negotiation loop process to reach a common agreement. In this paper, we present DATAZERO, a project developing this idea to ensure high availability of IT services, avoiding unnecessary redundancies, under the constraints due to the intermittent nature of electrical and cloud services flows. INDEX TERMS Cloud datacenters, renewable energies, optimization, middleware, negotiation, power models. I. INTRODUCTION Datacenters require a lot of energy to handle the IT load com- ing from the ever growing demand for online services. Several studies show that the energy demand on the IT industry is increasing on a large scale and at dramatic speed, in par- ticular due to the datacenter industry [10], [11], [25], [56]. Today, datacenters rely on one or several power grids to supply the computing facilities with the demanding power. The electricity coming from these grids can however be more or less clean, in terms of CO 2 emission or nuclear waste. The development of renewable energies thus opens a way to power datacenters in a cleaner way. Innovative initiatives The associate editor coordinating the review of this manuscript and approving it for publication was Arup Kumar Goswami. make the shift from traditional dirty powered architectures to datacenters powered, at least partly, by renewable energy from solar panels (Aiso, Phoenix IT, Intel, Sun, Google, HP), from wind turbines (Google, OWC, Green House Data, Baryonyx), from geothermal and hydropower (Greenqloud), hydropower (Yahoo, Facebook) or from current generators based on fuel cells (Panasonic). To show their involvement towards more sustainable solutions, datacenter operators, like Apple and Google for instance, offload their production of green electricity to third party power providers, and pay the so-called RECS (Renewable Energy Certificate System) certificates. Doing this indirectly favors the production of renewable energy and operators can publicize their efforts in that direction. While worth mentioning, this solution is mainly a commercial trick since electrons always come from VOLUME 7, 2019 This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. For more information, see http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ 103209