Avian Research 16 (2025) 100226 Available online 10 February 2025 2053-7166/© 2025 The Authors. Publishing services by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of KeAi Communications Co. Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Three subspecies of Black-tailed Godwit share non-breeding sites in the world’s largest river delta Delip K. Das a,b,c,* , Wouter M.G. Vansteelant c,d , Bingrun Zhu c,e , Shariful Islam a , Naim Khandakar a , Marco van der Velde f , Chris J. Hassell g , Jesse R. Conklin b,c , Pierrick Bocher h , Jos C.E.W. Hooijmeijer b,c , Yvonne I. Verkuil b,c , Theunis Piersma b,c,i a Department of Zoology, Faculty of Life and Earth Sciences, Jagannath University, Dhaka, 1100, Bangladesh b Conservation Ecology Group, Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, PO Box 11103, 9700 CC, Groningen, the Netherlands c BirdEyes, Centre for Global Ecological Change at the Faculties of Science & Engineering and Campus Fryslˆ an, University of Groningen, Zaailand 110, 8911 BN, Leeuwarden, the Netherlands d Theoretical and Computational Ecology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, the Netherlands e Hunan Global Messenger Technology Co., Ltd, Changsha, 410205, China f Behavioural & Physiological Ecology, Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, PO Box 11103, 9700 CC, Groningen, the Netherlands g Global Flyway Network, PO Box 3089, Broome, WA 6725, Australia h Littoral Environnement et Soci´et´es UMR LIENSs 7266 CNRS, La Rochelle University, 2 rue Olympe de Gouges, 17000, La Rochelle, France i NIOZ Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, Department of Coastal Systems, PO Box 59, Den Burg, 1790 AB, Texel, the Netherlands A R T I C L E INFO Keywords: Black-tailed godwits Central Asian flyway Ganges-Brahmaputra-Meghna Delta GPS–GSM tracking Migration mtDNA Subspecies ABSTRACT During the non-breeding season (September–April), Black-tailed Godwits (Limosa limosa) are commonly seen in coastal and inland wetlands of the Ganges-Brahmaputra-Meghna Delta in Bangladesh. We hypothesize that the Ganges-Brahmaputra-Meghna Delta, at the overlap between the Central Asian and East Asian–Australasian fly- ways, may host three subspecies that breed in disjunct areas of temperate and northern Asia: L. l. limosa, L. l. melanuroides, and L. l. bohaii. We used mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplotype network and biometric analysis to determine subspecies in captured individuals, and deployed GPS–GSM transmitters to verify breeding areas of individuals with subspecies assignments. To test for differential habitat preferences, we sampled birds at two ecologically distinct habitats known to host the largest concentrations of non-breeding Black-tailed Godwits in Bangladesh: Nijhum Dweep National Park, a tidal coastal habitat with brackish water on the south-central coast, and Tanguar Haor (‘backmarsh’), a seasonal freshwater floodplain in the north. During the non-breeding seasons of 2021–2022 and 2022–2023, we sampled and measured 93 Black-tailed Godwits, 54 of which were equipped with GPS–GSM transmitters. Our mtDNA haplotype network analysis confirmed the presence of limosa, mela- nuroides, and bohaii subspecies at the study sites. Thus, indeed, Black-tailed Godwits subspecies, despite having distinct breeding ranges, exhibit (partially) overlapping non-breeding ranges in Asia. The subspecies composition differed significantly between sites, with limosa and bohaii dominating in Tanguar Haor and melanuroides in Nijhum Dweep. Of the 21 individuals that were tracked to their breeding grounds, 18 migrated to the expected breeding range of their respective subspecies. However, one bird with a limosa haplotype migrated to a known breeding area of bohaii, whereas two birds with melanuroides haplotypes migrated to the supposed breeding range of limosa. Therefore, while ecological factors at both ends of the flyways may shape the morphological and behavioural differences between Black-tailed Godwit subspecies, their delineations and possible gene flow require further studies. Peer review under the responsibility of Editorial Office of Avian Research. * Corresponding author. Department of Zoology, Faculty of Life and Earth Sciences, Jagannath University, Dhaka, 1100, Bangladesh. E-mail addresses: bisharga1095@gmail.com, s.d.k.das@rug.nl (D.K. Das). Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Avian Research journal homepage: www.keaipublishing.com/en/journals/avian-research https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avrs.2025.100226 Received 6 August 2024; Received in revised form 6 February 2025; Accepted 6 February 2025