International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Publications ISSN (Online): 2581-6187 210 Audu, Haruna Sympa; Ishaq Ahmed Mohammed; Lookman Oladimeji Balogun; and Omolade Ojo, “Physio and Biochemical Screening of Soap Formulated with Extract of Sodom Apple (Calotropis procera) Flower Extract Using Neem Oil (Azadirachta indica) as Base Oil,” International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Publications (IJMRAP), Volume 7, Issue 10, pp. 210-217, 2025. Physio and Biochemical Screening of Soap Formulated with Extract of Sodom Apple (Calotropis procera) Flower Extract Using Neem Oil (Azadirachta indica) as Base Oil Audu, Haruna Sympa 1 ; Ishaq Ahmed Mohammed 3 ; Lookman Oladimeji Balogun 2 ; Omolade Ojo 1 1 Department of Chemistry, School of Secondary Education, Federal College of Education (Technical), P.M.B. 60, Ashaka Road, Gombe, Gombe State 2 Department of Integrated Science, Federal College of Education (Technical), P.M.B. 60, Ashaka Road, Gombe, Gombe State 3 Department of Accounting Education, School of Business Education, Federal College of Education (Technical), P.M.B. 60, Ashaka Road, Gombe, Gombe State Corresponding Author: harunasympa@yahoo.com Abstract—This research explores several properties of Calotropis procera flower-based toilet soaps developed with neem oil as the base oil and ethanol and ethyl acetate flower extracts. The market need for green antimicrobial cosmetics has motivated researchers to investigate plant resources in soap manufacturing processes. Cold saponification produced soaps using neem oil as the base oil where the product contained Calotropis procera extract at concentrations of 5%, 10%, and 15%. Standard methods were used to evaluate the physicochemical properties of these soaps which included a pH range of 8.5 to 9.2 along with foam stability ratings from 67 to 85% and total fatty matter between 62 and 75% and moisture content at 6–8% and free alkali content at less than or equal to 0.05%. The soap showed strong foaming ability with a gentle alkaline nature and strong cleaning properties. Higher concentrations of extract showed antimicrobial effects that tested effectively against skin pathogens Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Candida albicans through agar well diffusion method while producing inhibitory zones reaching from 14.2 ± 0.3 mm to 22.5 ± 0.6 mm. ANOVA statistical analysis proved through (p < 0.05) that varying concentrations exhibited meaningful antibacterial and antifungal activities differences. The independent Sample T-Test (p (0.569) > 0.05) showed no significant difference regarding the mean values of inhibition zone treated with ethyl acetate and ethanol extracts from the flower. The results demonstrate that toilet soap containing Calotropis procera extract and neem oil demonstrates improved antimicrobial capabilities which make it a promising replacement for synthetic toilet soap products. The analysis emphasizes the need to employ natural vegetation as sources for creating sustainable cosmetic solutions. Keywords— Soap, Neem Oil, phytochemicals, antibacterial, Ethanol, Ethyl acetate. I. BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY The investigation follows an increasing movement to develop organic products from local sources intended for body cream and toilet soap production. Current scientific interest in ethnically derived medicinal remedies exists because people are concerned about synthetic drug side effects so researchers investigate them for potential cosmetic and dermatological applications (Portugal-Cohen et al., 2018). The widespread adoption of plant-based soaps comes from their basic nature, cost efficiency, laminal behavior and limited adverse effects which Pardeshi et al (2024) point out. The research focuses on two thoroughly recognized medicinal plants namely Sodom Apple (Caloptropis procera) and neem oil (Azadirachta indica) because of their traditionally established antioxidant properties in skin disorder treatment (Harkel & Deshmukl, 2024). The plant extracts demonstrate recognized therapeutic applications along with anti-bacterial, anti-fungal, anti-aging potential combined with wound-healing properties. The high drug effectiveness of Sodom Apple makes it an optimal medicinal choice for treating skin disorder along with various skin conditions such as eczema, leprosy and scabies, ringworm, ulcer, and psoriasis (Divived et al., 2024) and cancer ( Yaniy & Kottai, 2018) and many other common skin related diseases. Medical experts have identified this double plant therapy as efficient medicine to handle common skin concerns of everyday life. The target of this research required the collection of flowers from the plant along with drying followed by solvent extraction via maceration using ethanol and ethyl acetate to compare results. Secondary metabolites identification within the extract occurred through phytochemical analysis based on standard laboratory methods. A complete examination of the extract involved GC-MS analysis coupled with metabolite structural identification per Timothy et al., 2023 and Giechaskiel & Clairotte (2021). The preparation involved different concentrations of plant extracts along with neem oil serving as the base oil to make toilet soap. A standardized testing procedure examined the soap product while a purchased commercial soap served as both the control and standard after its production. Statement of the Problem The rise in synthetic drug side effect awareness guides modern scientists to search for natural ethnic medicinal