Copyright@ Chala Kenenisa Edae1 | Biomed J Sci & Tech Res | BJSTR. MS.ID.005189. 24659 Review Article ISSN: 2574 -1241 Biomarkers of Oxidative Stress and its Role in Atherosclerosis Development Chala Kenenisa Edae* and Ebsa Tofik Jimma University, Institute of Health, Department of Biomedical Sciences *Corresponding author: Chala Kenenisa Edae, Jimma University, Institute of Health, Department of Biomedical Sciences DOI: 10.26717/BJSTR.2020.32.005189 ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Oxidative stress is known by excess production of reactive species, especially (ROS) and deleterious modifications in biomolecules such as proteins, and lipid mainly. It is a common mediator in pathogenesis of multiple diseases. Because of its potential to act as center in the cause of many diseases particularly cardiovascular disease, identifying biomarkers of oxidative stress has become the highly interesting and focus of many research. Measurement of reactive species (ROS) in the circulation of complex biological systems remains a challenge due to the short half-life of these reactive species and the need of special equipment to detect it. A widely used and reliable approach is the measurement of stable by-products modified under conditions of oxidative stress that have entered the circulation. The stable oxidation product that used as biomarker of oxidative stress include lipid oxidation product such as Isoprostanes (isops), MDA, and protein oxidation product such as nitrotyrosine ,Protein Glutathionilation and oxd LDL are the major one. The oxidative stress play pivotal role in the pathogenesis of the major cardiovascular risk factors termed as atherosclerosis. This is caused by excess production of reactive species (ROS) in the vessel mainly by enzymes such as NAD (P)H oxidase, xanthine oxidase, myeloperoxidase and uncoupled nitrc oxide synthase which oxidize lipoprotein (LDL). The oxidize LDL (oxLDL) lipoprotein progress the atherosclerosis process from the initially to the end stage development. Abbreviations: CVD: Cardiovascular Disease; DNA: Deoxyribonucleic acid: ELISA: Enzyme-linked Immunosorbance Assays; eNOS: Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase; GC: Gas Chromatography; ICAM-1: Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1; LC: Liquid Chromatography; LDL: Low-Density Lipoproteins; MCP-1: Monocyte Chemotactic Protein-1; M-CSF: Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor; MDA: Malondialdehyde; MS: Mass Spectrometry; nNOS: Neuronal Nitric Oxide Synthase cells; OxLDL: Oxidized Low Density Lipoprotein; Phox: Phagocyte Oxidase; PUFAs: Polyunsaturated Fatty acids; RNS: Reactive Nitrogen Species; ROS: Reactive Oxygen Species; SMC: Smooth Muscle Cells; SRs: Scavenger Receptors; TBA: Thiobarbitoric acid; VCAM-1: Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1; XOR: Xanthine Oxidoreductase; XO: Xanthine Oxidase Received: November 11, 2020 Published: November 19, 2020 Citation: Chala Kenenisa Edae, Ebsa Tofik. Biomarkers of Oxidative Stress and its Role in Atherosclerosis Development. Biomed J Sci & Tech Res 32(1)-2020. BJSTR. MS.ID.005189. Keywords: Oxidative Stress; OxLDL; Atherosclerosis; Reactive Species Introduction Nowadays, Oxidative Stress (OS) has increasingly become a major interesting area of basic science and clinical research. It is the imbalance between generations and clearances of oxidants as shown in (Figure 1). Oxidants are composed of reactive free radical and radical such as Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) and Reactive Nitrogen Species (RNS). ROS are composed of superoxide radical (O 2 - ), hydroxyl radical (•OH), and hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ). RNS include Nitric Oxide (NO), Nitrogen Dioxide (NO 2 ), and peroxynitrite (ONOO•). These are involved in the modification of several macromolecules such as lipid, protein, DNA and causing deleterious effects in several organs [1,2]. Oxidants removed through antioxidant defense mechanism under normal physiological condition. The incomplete removals of oxidants by antioxidants lead to its accumulation and generate oxidative stress condition. This is the result of biochemical processes leading to