Mobility of 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid, Glyphosate, and Metribuzine Herbicides in Terra Rossa-Amended Soil: Multiple Approaches with Experimental and Mathematical Modeling Studies Ali Poyraz Gurson & Ismail Ozbay & Bilge Ozbay & Gokce Akyol & Nihat Hakan Akyol Received: 9 April 2019 /Accepted: 14 August 2019 # Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2019 Abstract 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyl acetic acid (2,4-D), glyphosate, and metribuzine are used extensively as an herbicide in the vicinity of Antalya, Turkey. The objec- tive of this study was to investigate the mobility of such herbicides in terra rossa-amended soil by multiple ap- proaches with batch, miscible-displacement, and math- ematical modeling studies. The results indicated that the sorption isotherms exhibited predominantly linear be- havior over a wide range (0–100 mg/L) of selected herbicides. The average distribution coefficient (K d ) obtained from linear sorption isotherm was 0.95, 1.20, and 44.15 L/kg for 2,4-D, metribuzine, and glyphosate, respectively. After hydrogen peroxide treatment for eliminating organic carbon content in the soil, the average distribution coefficient (K d ) obtained from the linear sorption isotherm was 0.096, 0.118, and 4.37 L/kg for 2,4-D, metribuzine, and glyphosate, respectively. Miscible-displacement experiments also showed that the sorption of 2,4-D, metribuzine, and glyphosate was described by linear and rate-limited processes in the soil. Transport of metribuzine and 2,4-D was slightly but glyphosate was extensively delayed compared to non- reactive tracer experiments in the soil. Hydrogen perox- ide treatment experiments also indicated that the organic carbon content was responsible for the non-ideal sorp- tion behavior of such herbicides. The rapid desorption can be attributed to soft carbon fraction (humic/fluvic acid and lipids), whereas slower desorption can be re- sponsible by hard carbon fraction (black carbon, kero- gen) of soils that led to chemically non-ideal behavior. Two-site transport modeling analyses, including linear sorption and rate-limited sorption–desorption, provided a reasonably good match to the herbicide breakthrough curves indicating mathematical modeling results were generally consistent with the results obtained from the batch and column experiments. As a result, sorption of 2,4-D and metribuzine onto terra rossa-amended soil was low which could lead to contamination risk of karstic groundwater resources overlying the Antalya travertine plateau in the region. On the other hand, glyphosate exhibits much more sorption affinity in the soil and leaching risk is limited as with more delay. As a result, investigating the mobility of such herbicides in top soils overlying the karstic aquifer systems in Antalya would be very important to identify the contamination risk of groundwater resources. The results from the Water Air Soil Pollut (2019) 230:220 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-019-4266-y A. P. Gurson Department of International Relations, Kocaeli University, TR-41380 Kocaeli, Turkey I. Ozbay : B. Ozbay Department of Environmental Engineering, Kocaeli University, TR-41380 Kocaeli, Turkey G. Akyol Department of Industrial Engineering, Kocaeli University, TR-41380 Kocaeli, Turkey G. Akyol Vocational School of Degirmendere Ali Ozbay, Kocaeli University, TR-41950 Kocaeli, Turkey N. H. Akyol (*) Department of Geological Engineering, Kocaeli University, TR-41380 Kocaeli, Turkey e-mail: nakyol81@yahoo.com