World Journal of Environmental Engineering, 2016, Vol. 4, No. 1, 1-5
Available online at http://pubs.sciepub.com/wjee/4/1/1
© Science and Education Publishing
DOI:10.12691/wjee-4-1-1
Environmental Sustainability: Assessing the Impact of
Air Pollutants Due to Gas Flaring - Qua Iboe Estuary
Case
Akpan Anyanime O.
*
Department of Science Education University of Uyo, Nigeria
*Corresponding author: okonbee@yahoo.com
Abstract This study presents physicochemical characteristics (NO
3
-
, SO
4
2-
, CO
3
2-
, suspended particulate matter,
CO and pH) in air from Qua Iboe Estuary investigated as a result of the gas flare site located in Mkpanak, Ibeno in
coastal area of Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. Air and rainwater samples were collected during the dry and wet seasons
in (2011-2012) and analyzed for the above physicochemical species using standard methods. Mean and standard
deviation were used to assess the impact of these species in the region. Results obtained revealed that the mean
concentrations of NO
3
-
(44.77mg/m
3
and 19.95 mg/m
3
) and SO
4
2-
(7.54 mg/m
3
and 4.53 mg/m
3
) in dry and wet
seasons were very low and were within the safety limits, suggesting minimal or no adverse effects on the
environment. However, the mean concentrations of CO
3
2-
(2777.46 mg/m
3
and 2859.69 mg/m
3
, CO(60.29 mg/m
3
and
32.65 mg/m
3
) and pH (5.98 and 6.68) in dry and wet seasons respectively, were higher than the acceptable ambient
air limits specified by the Federal Ministry of Environment (FMEnv) and Department of Petroleum Resources
(DPR), Nigeria. Based on these findings, it can be concluded that within the studied region, the activity of constant
gas flaring is one of the major sources of high concentration of these physicochemical species, with significant
implications for the sustainability of the environment and life forms in this area. Recommendations are made to
address these issues as best practices are presented.
Keywords: air pollutants, environmental sustainability, gas flare, pollution, qua Iboe estuary
Cite This Article: Akpan Anyanime O., “Environmental Sustainability: Assessing the Impact of Air
Pollutants Due to Gas Flaring - Qua Iboe Estuary Case.” World Journal of Environmental Engineering, vol. 4, no.
1 (2016): 1-5. doi: 10.12691/wjee-4-1-1.
1. Introduction
Environment, the totality of man’s physical
surroundings; air, land and water, where human beings,
animals or plants live are a dynamic system. The health
and well-being of everything on earth as well as the
economy of nations depend on it. These environmental
components have been adversely affected by man’s
continuous interactions such that there has been a growing
need to address the challenges posed by these factors and
activities that instigate un-sustainability [17]. Indeed,
Wilkinson, et al., [29] reported that human activities were
particularly the cause of the disruption of the biosphere
life support systems. These include biodiversity loss,
changes in the composition of the atmosphere (air
pollution), over-exploitation of aquifers, growing demand
for energy or exploitation of fossil energy resources and
increasing problems of waste disposal. This list also
contains incidences of flooding, tsunamis, erosion and
devastating effects all over the world[13].
2. Environmental Sustainability
Sustainability is based on the premise that social,
economic and environmental systems constantly interact
with people and their communities. These systems must
be balance if they are to continue to function to the benefit
of its inhabitants, now and in the future. A universally
accepted definition of sustainable development expresses
the development that meets the needs of the present
without compromising the ability of future generations
satisfying their own needs [23,28]. However, it explains
further that sustainability is improving the quality of
human life while living within the carrying capacity of
supporting the ecosystems [20].
Environmental sustainability arose out of the growing
recognition that humans are afflicting many of the earth’s
critical resources, not only locally, but, also at a global
scale with potential effects on human as well as ecological
health [18,26]. Adedeji and Eziyi [1] identified several
problems instigating against sustainability of the environment
in Nigeria and subdivided them into pollution, deforestation,
global warming and slum development.
In Nigeria, oil companies engage in gas flaring, as a 24
hours-a-day, 365 days-a-year practice. Some of these
flares have burned without cessation for more than 50
years [3]. Nigeria is blessed with abundant natural
resources with oil and gas as Nigeria’s major economic
determinant and mainstay. Nigeria produces more natural
gas than it uses, this is because most of the natural gas
produced is associated gas (related with crude oil)