Dieses Werk ist lizenziert unter einer Creative Commons-BY 3.0 Deutschland Lizenz. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/de/ Proper Names in Audiovisual Translation Dubbing vs Subtitling Carmen Cuéllar Lázaro 1. e study of proper names in traductology e interdisciplinary nature of onomastics is such that any epistemological attempt to study proper names must take into account both the multiplicity and the inherent heterogeneity of each of the categories that can be grouped under this term (Cuéllar Lázaro 2004 and 2014). Studies conducted on proper names, from a traductological perspective, tend to be categorised as the analysis of cultural references. It is worth noting that cultural elements have been studied by many authors, using various methods, such as functionalism, structuralism, and pragmatism. e study of the translation of cultural differences dates back to 1945 with Nida, who recog- nised and analysed cultural elements as one of the main difficulties of trans- lation. Another pioneer in the investigation of this topic was Fedorov (1953), from the Russian or Slavic School, who, taking a basically comparatist appro- ach, established a clear distinction between signs and references and concepts and models (that which is referred to). Aſter Fedorov, came others from this school, such as Alesina and Vinogradov (1993) and Cherednychenko and Koval (1995); however, it was really Kade1, of the so-called Leipzig School, who really laid the foundations for scientific research into the problematics of specific cul- tural references: “Wir verstehen darunter social-ökonomische und kulturelle (im weitesten Sinne) Erscheinungen und Einrichtungen, die einer bestimmten social-ökonomischen Ordnung bzw. einer bestimmten Kultur eigen sind” (Kade 1964: 94-95). 1 Cf. his classic works of 1964 (Ist alles übersetzbar?) and 1968 (Zufall und Gesetzmäßigkeit in der Übersetzung). Namenkundliche Informationen / NI 107/108 (2016), S. 117-134