Journal of Transport & Health 37 (2024) 101833 Available online 2 June 2024 2214-1405/© 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies. Modelling of risk of health burden based on residents’ exposure near trafficked intersection Samuel Akintomide Ajayi a, * , Charles Anum Adams b , Gift Dumedah b , Atinuke O. Adebanji b , Williams Ackaah c a Nigerian Building and Road Research Institute NBRRI, km 10 idiroko road Ota, Ogun State, Nigeria b Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, PMB, Kumasi, Ghana c CSIR-Building and Road Research Institute, P.O. Box 40, Kumasi, Ghana 1. Introduction Urban transportation plays a crucial role in the economic and social development of nations, even though current transportation systems in many developing nations continue to be plagued by numerous issues (Gupta et al., 2022). Urbanization, population growth, a rise in living standards, and the expansion of business and industry all contribute to the growing demand for transportation services in cities. However, these demands have not been met by an increase in the development of transportation systems, especially in sub-Saharan Africa (Ayetor et al., 2021). Efforts to increase the number of vehicles and reliance on private transportation have resulted in severe traffic-related air pollution (TRAP), traffic congestion, and high road crash rates (Elmansouri et al., 2020). TRAP is a serious threat to public health in today’s cities, resulting in premature mortality and a variety of global diseases (Khreis, 2020). According to the World Health Organization (WHO), gasoline and diesel emissions from automobiles, trucks, trains, and ships cause 800,000 premature deaths annually due to respiratory, cardiovascular, and neurological disorders (Khreis et al., 2021), making it the fourth leading cause of death globally (WHO, 2021). In 2016, more than 80% of urban residents were exposed to air quality levels exceeding WHO guidelines (WHO, 2016). Exposure to particulate matter (PM), ozone (O 3 ), nitrogen dioxide (NO 2 ), carbon monoxide (CO), and sulfur dioxide (SO 2 ) may pose significant health risks to sensitive human organs such as the heart, lungs, and blood vessels (WHO, 2021; Sicard et al., 2021; Khaniabadi et al., 2018). Table 1 shows the health and environmental impacts of these air pollutants from vehicles. Heart diseases can narrow or block blood vessels, causing a heart attack, angina, or stroke (Robinson, 2021). Heart disease affects the heart muscle, valves, and rhythms (Sarwar et al., 2015). Heart disease symptoms include chest pain, weakness or numb legs and arms, breathlessness, fast or slow heartbeat, palpitations, dizziness, fainting, fatigue, and swollen limbs (Swan et al., 1999). People in high-traffic areas are more prone to stress, depression, and intellectual deficiencies (Salvi and Salim, 2019). Organic hydrocarbons, particulate matter, carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide, carbon dioxide, and heavy metals pollute the air. Transportation contributes more than half of the atmosphere’s pollutants (Lu, 2011; Ogunkunle and Ahmed, 2021; Hwang et al., 2016; Adamiec et al., 2016). Studies link transport air pollution to early mortality (Khomenko et al., 2021; Requia et al., 2018; Ghude et al., 2016). Andersson et al. (2020), studied road traffic noise, air pollution, and cardiovascular events in a Swedish cohort. Noise and air pollution had a non-significant positive trend, while noise stroke and cardiovascular mortality had weaker correlations (0.62–0.71). This study only included men, but noise-CVD molecular mechanisms are unlikely to be gender-based. Due to the dynamic near-road environment, Moutinho et al. (2020) developed a multipollutant exposure measure, the integrated Mobile Source Indicator (IMSI), * Corresponding author. Nigerian Building and Road Research Institute, km 10 idiroko road Ota, Ogun State Nigeria. E-mail address: samopresident16@gmail.com (S.A. Ajayi). Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Journal of Transport & Health journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jth https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jth.2024.101833 Received 17 July 2023; Received in revised form 12 April 2024; Accepted 20 May 2024