Social Psychology of Education 3: 81–102, 1999.
© 1999 Kluwer Academic Publishers. Printed in the Netherlands.
81
A “Classic” Revisited: Students’ Immediate and
Delayed Evaluations of a Warm/Cold Instructor
ELISHA BABAD
Hebrew University of Jerusalem
HENRY KAPLOWITZ
Kean University of New Jersey
JOHN DARLEY
Princeton University
Abstract. Solomon Asch’s classic (1946) “warm/cold” research was replicated in this study with
introductory psychology professors, using students’ evaluations of teaching (SET) as dependent
variables. Students completed attributed course evaluation forms three times: (a) after receiving
fabricated “warm” or “cold" information but before seeing the instructor; (b) after a 30-minute
exposure to the instructor in an introductory lecture; and (c) at the end of the semester. In the
first administration, strong warm/cold differences were found for the social components of SET,
and warm instructors were also judged as more lenient. In the larger courses of Instructor B (but
not in the smaller courses of Instructor A), the cold instructor was judged higher than the warm
one in academic components of SET. In the second administration, following a 30-minute exposure
to the instructor, students’ judgments changed considerably, most warm/cold effects disappeared,
and, unlike the common reports in the literature, we found only a moderate level of perseverance.
In the third administration, all warm/cold differences practically disappeared, with no evidence of
prolonged perseverance. These findings were interpreted as demonstrating students’ flexibility in
accommodating their judgments to the accumulating real-life information. It was argued that al-
though cognitive factors determine a certain level of perseverance (especially in a short exposure),
motivational factors and cognitive style play a major role in determining whether initial judgments
will persevere or not. Students’ personal beliefs in human changeability were found related to their
actual change in judgment, incremental theorists (those believing in changeability) showing more
change than entity theorists (those believing in fixed, unchangeable traits). Thus, perseverance of
judgments is also related to systematic individual differences in students’ cognitive style.
This research is a replication and an educational extension of a classic study in
social psychology – Solomon Asch’s “warm/cold research" (1946). In this study,
introductory psychology professors were described to students as “warm” or "cold”
along with Asch’s original list of other traits, and students’ subsequent course eval-
uations were examined. Students completed course evaluation forms three times:
(a) after receiving the warm/cold information but before seeing the instructor (as
in the original design); (b) after a 30-minute exposure to the instructor in an in-
troductory lecture; and (c) at the end of the semester. This design made it possible
to examine the formation of first impressions and schemas as reflected in course